A Treatise o f Legal Philosophy and General Jurisprudence

Volume 12

Legal Philosophy in the Twentieth Century: The Civil Law World

Tome 2: Main Orientations and Topics

edited by

Enrico PattaroCIRSFID and Law Faculty, University o f Bologna

and

Corrado RoversiDepartment o f Legal Studies and CIRSFID, University o f Bologna

with contributions by

M auro Barberis, Guillaum e Bernard, Uta Bindreiter, Giorgio Bongiovanni, Pierluigi Chiassoni, Eveline Feteris, Edoardo Fittipaldi, Davide Grossi, Stephan Kirste, Harm Kloosterhuis, Hanna M aria Kreuzbauer, G iuseppe Lorini, Carlos I. M assini Correas, M ate Paksy, Enrico Pattaro, A ntonio-Enrique Perez Luno, Antonino Rotolo, Torben

Spaak, Elena V. Timosina, Stamatios Tzitzis, Csaba Varga, Francesco Viola, Jan W olenski, M auro Zam boni, W ojciech Zelaniec

A ssistant Editors: E rica Calardo, Francesca Faenza, N icoletta Bersier Ladavac, M igle Laukyte, and Filippo Valente

Springer

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A N o te on the Authors and the Contributors - Tom e 2 XIX

P art O n e - N atural L aw T heory

Chapter 1 - Introduction: Natural Law Theories in the 2 0 th Century(by Francesco Viola) 3

1.1. The First Revival 51.1.1. Natural Law and Legal Science 31.1.2. Catholic Natural Law Theory 71.1.3. Formalism and Natural Law 12

1.1.3.1. The Nature of Law 141.1.3.2. Law and Values 20

1.1.4. Anti-Formalism and Natural Law 241.1.4.1. The Living Law 251.1.4.2. Positivist Neo-Thomism 281.1.4.3. Filling the Gaps and Finding the Law 32

1.1.5. Beyond Formalism and Antiformalism 391.2 . Natural Law and Totalitarianism 42

1.2.1. Nazi Law 431.2.2. The Nuremberg Trials 46

1.3. The Second Revival 491.3.1. The Enforcement o f Natural Law 491.3.2. Common Values and Natural Law 301.3.3. The Nature o f the Thing 34

1.3.3.1. Law as Experience 361.3.3.2. The Hum an Condition 571.3.3.3. The Ontological Structure of Law 601.3.3.4. Ipsa Res lust a 62

1.4. The Third Revival 631.4.1. Interpretation and Legal Reasoning 651.4.2. Christian Natural Law Philosophies 701.4.3. Evolution o f Positive Law 751.4.4. The Third Theory o f Law 781.4.5. Non-Positivism and Natural Law 81

1.4.5.1. The Claim to Correctness 82

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1.4 .5.2 . Law’s Normativity 841.4.5.3. A Natural Law of Positive Law 86

1.4.6. The Open Texture o f Practical Reason 88

Chapter 2 - Natural Law in G erm any in the 2 0 th Century{by Stephan Kirste) 91

2.1. The Starting Point 922 .2 . Natural Law Theory in the First Third of the 20th Century 922.3. Natural Law During the Third Reich 96

2.3.1. Is There a National Socialist Natural Law? 962.3.2. Natural Law at the Foundation o f the Resistance

to Hitler 992.4. Natural Law after World War II 100

2.4.1. Natural law in the Philosophy o f Law 1002.4.2. Natural law in the German Constitutions after

World War II 1052.4.3. Natural Law in the Postwar Courts 106

2.5. Natural Law at the End of the Century 108

Chapter 3 - 20th-Century P h ilosophy o f Natural Law in France(by Stamatios Tzitzis and Guillaume Bernard) 111

3.1. Introduction 1113.2. Eclectic Natural Law: An Outcome of Sociology 1123.3. A Moralizing Natural Law: An Outcome of Transcendence 1143.4. Objective Natural Law: An Outcome of Dialectics 1153.5. Conclusion: The Ineffectualness of Natural Law? 117

Chapter 4 - 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Spain and Portugal(by Antonio-Enrique Perez Luno) 119

4.1. Method, Scope, and Philosophical Criteria 1194.2. Natural Law in the Spanish and Portuguese Traditions 1204.3. Natural Law Scholars and Tendencies in the 20th Century 121

4.3.1. Axiological and Neo-Kantian Approaches 1214.3.2. Neo-Scholastic Natural Laiv Doctrines 1224.3.3. Innovative Trends in Natural Law 126

4.4. Natural Law in Private Law 1294.5. Natural Law and Human Rights 1314.6. 20th-Century Natural Law Theories in Portugal 1344.7. Conclusion: Premises for an Assessment 138

TABLE O F CONTENTS VII

Chapter 5 - 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Italy(by Francesco Viola) 141

5.1. The Italian Tradition 1415.2. The Natural Law of Jurists 1455.3. Natural Law Theory as a Theory of Morality 1485.4. The Return of Normative Ethics within Positive Law 151

Chapter 6 - 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Hungary(by Mate Paksy and Csaba Varga) 155

6.1. Scholasticism and Neo-Kantianism in the Interwar Period 1556.2. Natural Law in the Marxist Conception of Socialism 1576.3. Between Social and Analytic Theories: Natural Law Today 158

Chapter 7 - 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Latin America(by Carlos I. Massini Correas) 163

7.1. Introduction 1637.2. 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Argentina 1637.3. 20 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Brazil 1677.4. 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Mexico 1697.5. 2 0 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Colombia 1727.6. 20 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Uruguay 1747.7. 20 th-Century Natural Law Theory in Chile 1747.8. Conclusion 177

Part Tw o - L egal P ositiv ism

Introduction: Legal Positivism in the 2 0 th Century(by Mauro Barberis) 181

Chapter 8 - Legal Positivism in the First H a lf o f the 20th Century(by Giorgio Bongiovanni) 187

8.1. Philosophical Positivism and Neo-Kantian Philosophy of Law 1878.2. The New Legal Positivism: Hans Kelsen’s

Reine Rechtslehre vs. Naturalismus in Legal Scienceand Natural Law Theory 191

8.3. Kelsen’s Theory of Norms: Between Nature and Morality 2028.4. The Vienna School’s Theory of the Legal System:

The Law as a Stufenbau and the Grundnorm 208

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8.5. Law and the State in France: Carre de Malberg,French Legicentrism, and “Organistic Tiering” 218

8 .6 . The Weimar Debate between Law and Politics:Rudolf Smend, Carl Schmitt, and Hermann Heller 220

8.7. Legal Institutionalism: Santi Romano and the “Illegitimate” Rendition of Carl Schmitt 231

8 .8 . Legal Positivism and Totalitarian Regimes:Italian Corporativism 239

Chapter 9 - Legal P ositiv ism in the P ostw ar D ebate{by Mauro Barberis and Giorgio Bongiovanni) 243

9.1. Law and Justice: Radbruch’s Intolerable Injustice Argument 2449.2. The Later Kelsen: From Transcendentalism to the

“Sceptical Phase” 2479.3. The Italian Contribution: Legal Positivism Analyzed 253

9.3.1. Bobbio and Methodological Legal Positivism 2539.3.2. Scarpelli and Ideological Positivism 2559.3.3. Italian Legal Realism 257

9.4. The French Contribution: Michel Troper 2589.5. The Argentinian and Spanish Contribution 259

Chapter 10 - N eocon stitu tionalist Challenges to Legal P ositiv ism{by Mauro Barberis and Giorgio Bongiovanni) 263

10.1. Garzon Valdes and the Internal Point of View 26510.2. Nino’s Justificatory Connection 26610.3. Robert Alexy’s Nonpositivist Concept of Law 26910.4. Jürgen Habermas and the Complementarity

of Law and Morality 27210.5. Ferrajoli’s Garantism 27710.6. Zagrebelsky’s D iritto M ite 279

Chapter 11 - Legal P ositiv ism ’s A nsw ers to the N eoconstitu tionalist Challenge{by Mauro Barberis) 281

11.1. Bulygin’s “Simple” Positivism 28311 .2 . Moreso from Soft Positivism to Neoconstitutionalism 28511.3. Juan Carlos Bayon’s Arguments for Defeasibility 28711.4. Jorge Rodriguez’s Arguments against Defeasibility 28911.5. Conclusion on Legal Positivism 291

TABLE OF CONTENTS IX

P art T hree - L egal R ealism

Chapter 12 - Introduction: Continental Legal Realism{by Edoardo Fittipaldi) 297

12 .1. The Problem of Defining the Main Tenetsof Continental Realism 297

12 .2 . Realism.-. A Term with Several Meanings 29812.3. Continental vs. American Legal Realists 30112.4. Norms and Deontic Objects as Psychical Phenomena 30212.5. From Projections, Objectifications, and Hypostatizations

to the Epistemology of Continental Realists 30512.6 . Caution and Suspicion Towards Performatives 31012.7. Truth vs. Correctness 31312.8. The Main Tenets of Continental Realism and How They

Are Reciprocally Connected 317

Chapter 13 - Axel H ägerström at the O riginso f the Uppsala School {by Enrico Pattaro) 319

13.1. Consciousness and the Reality of Things 31913.1.1. A Five-Hundred- Year-Long Debate 31913.1.2. The Revolt against German Idealism in Europe

at the Beginning o f the 20th Century 32013.1.3. The Escape from Subjectivism at Uppsala

through A xel Flägerström 32013.1.4. Hägerström against the Backdrop o f Kant 321

13.2. Judgments and the Reality of Things; Pseudojudgmentsand the Unreality of Value and the Ought 32213.2.1. Logical Reality, Judgments, and Effectual Reality 32213.2.2. The Primacy o f the External Spatiotemporal World 32413.2.3. Pseudojudgments in General 32513.2.4. Ought Judgments as Pseudojudgments 326

13.3. The Ought, the Right, and Norms Explained 32813.3.1. Right versus Just: The World o f Duty 32813.3.2. How the Idea o f Right Develops within Us 32913.3.3. What Is Right in the Abstract (Norms) and in the

Concrete (Subjective Positions) 33013.3.4. Norms versus Commands 331

13.4. Law 33313.4.1. The Law in Force Is Made up o f Norms, and the Role

o f the Constitution 33313.4.2. Judge-Made Law 335

X TREATISE, 12 (2) - 20TH CENTURY: TH E CIVIL LAW WORLD

13.5. Rights and Transactions 33813.5.1. Rights 338

13.5.1.1. Rights versus Interests13.5.1.2. The Idea of a Right in Its Connection with

That of Norms and Claims, and the Idea

338

of a Right U nderstood as a Power 34013.5.2. Transactions 343

13.6. H ow Rightness and Justice Figure into Coercion 35013.7. More on Logical Reality and Effectual Reality

13.7.1. Kant behind Hägerström’s Thesis That No Judgment355

Is Possible w ithout the Logical Reality o f Its Object 35513.7.1.1. Kant on Judgment and the Nothing13.7.1.2. Hägerström on the Nothing, Logical

355

Reality, and Effectual Reality13.7.2. A Crucial Passage by Hägerström and a Number

356

o f Misinterpretations 358

Chapter 14 - Karl O livecrona’s Legal P h ilosophy{by Torben Spaak) 365

14.1. Introduction 36514.2. The Concept of Law 36514.3. Rights 37114.4. Coercion 37314.5. Law and Politics 376

Chapter 15 - Antlers Vilhelm Lundstedt: In Q uest o f Reality{by Uta Bindreiter) 379

15.1. Introduction 37915.2. “The Law”: Legal Machinery in Action 382

15.2.1. Introduction 38215.2.2. Legal Machinery in Action 38315.2.3. “Situations o f R ight” 386

15.2.3.1. Introduction 38615.2.3.2. The Reality behind the “Right of P roperty”

15.2.4. The Theory o f the General Moral-Forming388

Significance o f the Maintenance o f Criminal Law 39015.2.4.1. Introduction15.2.4.2. The Social Function of the M aintenance

390

of Criminal Law 39115.2.5. The Theory o f Social Welfare 393

15.2.5.1. Introduction 393

TABLE O F CONTENTS XI

15.2.5.2. The “Principle” of Social Welfare 39415.2.6. "Constructive” Legal Science 397

15.2.6.1. Introduction 39715.2.6.2. The Constructivity of Constructive Legal

Science 397

Chapter 16 - A lf R o ss’s Legal Philosophy{by Mauro Zamboni) 401

16.1. Introduction 40116.2. The Concept of Valid Law 40316.3. Rights 40516.4. Coercion 40816.5. Law and Politics 410

Chapter 17 - O ther Scandinavian Legal R ealists 415

17.1. Tore Strömberg: A Conventionalist Legal Realist{by Uta Lindreiter) 41517.1.1. Introduction 41517.1.2. Strömberg’s Classification o f Legal Rules 416

17.1.2.1. Rules of Action, Rules of Competence,and Rules of Qualification 416

17.1.2.2. Strömberg’s Views on “Rules about Rights” 42217.1.2.3. “Legal Directions for Use” 423

17.1.3. Valid Law: A Social Convention 42517.2. Per Olof Ekelöf {by Mauro Zamboni) 430

17.2.1. Introduction 43017.2.2. Law, Its Making, and the Sense o f Duty 43117.2.3. A Teleological Method 43217.2.4. The Concept o f Rights 433

17.3. The Legal Philosophy of Ingemar Hedenius {by Torben Spaak) 43517.3.1. Introduction 43517.3.2. Internal and External Legal Statements 43517.3.3. The Concept o f a Valid Legal Rule 43817.3.4. The Concept o f Ownership 44017.3.5. Performatives 442

Chapter 18 - Leon Petrazycki’s Theory o f Law{by Edoardo Fittipaldi) 443

18.1. Introduction 44318.2. The Concept of an Adequate Theory 44418.3. Ethical Emotions 447

XII TREATISE, 12 (2) - 20TH CENTURY: TH E CIVIL LAW WORLD

18.4. The Theory of Projections 45118.5. Norms and Normative (or Ethical) Convictions 45318.6. The Structure of Normative Convictions and the

Distinction between Positive and Intuitive Ethics 45618.6.1. Normative Hypotheses 45718.6.2. Addressees 45918.6.3. Normative Facts 461

18.7. Moral vs. Legal Phenomena 46418.8. Features Associated with Moral vs. Legal Phenomena 469

18.8.1. Possible Fulfilment o f Some Legal Obligationson the Part o f Persons other than the Imperative Side 469

18.8.2. The Possibility o f Representation in the Field o f Legal Phenomena 470

18.8.3. The Possibility o f Coercion in the Field o f Legal Phenomena 471

18.8.4. The Role o f Intentions in the Field o f MoralPhenomena 471

18.8.3. The Role o f the Motives o f Fulfilment in the Fieldo f Moral Phenomena 472

18.8.6. The Conflict-Producing Nature o f Legal Phenomena vs. the Peaceableness o f Moral Phenomena(and the Unifying Tendency o f Law) 472

18.9. Kinds of Legal Relationships and CompoundLegal Relationships 47518.9.1. Facere - Accipere 47618.9.2. Non Facere - Non Pati 47618.9.3. Pati - Facere 47718.9.4. Pati - Non Facere, Legal Non-Experience,

and Repeal 47918.9.3. Compound Legal Relationships 483

18.9.5.1. Ownership 48318.9.5.2. Authority 484

18.10. The Different Kinds of Normative Facts andPositive Ethical Phenomena 48418.10.1. Statute (Zakon) 48418.10.2. Custom (Obycaj) 48718.10.3. Kinds o f Normative Facts Related to the Activity

o f the Courts 48818.10.4. Books (Knigy) 48918.10.3. Communis Doctorum Opinio 48918.10.6. Doctrines o f Individual Jurists or Groups Thereof 49018.10.7. Legal Expertise (Juridiceskaja Expertiza) 49018.10.8. Contracts and Treaties (Dogovory) 491

TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII

18.10.9. Promises (Obescanija), Programs (Programmy),and Acknowledgments (Priznanija) 492

18.10.10. Precedents (Precedenty) 49318.10.11. Other Kinds o f Normative Facts 49318.10.12. What Do Normative Facts Have in Common

with One Another? 49418.11. Authority (Viast’) 49418.12. Official Law and the Role of Legal Dogmatics 498

Chapter• 19 - Jerzy Lande(by Edoardo Fittipaldi) 505

19.1. Introduction 50519.2. From the Reply to Znamierowski to the Postulate

of Uniqueness in Legal Dogmatics 50619.3. The Task of Legal Dogmatics and how Legal Dogmaticians

Choose their Grundnorm 50919.4. The Truth-Incapability of Legal-Dogmatic Judgments

and Their Conditions of Correctness 51619.5. Comparing Legal Dogmatics with Prescriptive Grammar

to Understand the Nature of Dogmatic Sciences 524

Chapter 20 - O ther Russian or P olish Legal Realists 527

2 0 .1. Max Lazerson’s Psychological Theory of Law(by Elena V. Timoshina) 52720.1.1. Introduction 52720.1.2. The Object and Method o f Legal Theory

from the Standpoint o f Psychological Realism 52720.1.3. A Realist Criticism o f Normativism 53120.1.4. The Psychological Theory o f Law and Phenomenology 53420.1.3. Law without Norms? 53720.1.6. The Realist Interpretation o f Natural Law 539

2 0 .2 . Czeslaw Znamierowski: From Social Ontologyto Legal Realism (by Giuseppe Lorini and Wojciech Zelaniec) 54220.2.1. The Threefold Realist Dimension o f Czeslaw

Znamierowski s Philosophy o f Law 54220.2.2. On the Origins o f Social Ontology 54320.2.3. Czeslaw Znamierowski’s Ontology o f Social Reality 54520.2.4. Czeslaw Znamierowski’s Ontology o f Thetic Reality 54820.2.3. The Ontology o f Legal Reality and Occam’s Razor 555

XIV TREATISE, 12 (2) - 20TH CENTURY: TH E CIVIL LAW WORLD

P art F our - L egal R ea so n in g

Introduction: A N o te on Term inology and Purpose(,by Pierluigi Chiassoni and Eveline Feteris) 561

Chapter 21 - T he H eritage o f the 19th Century:T he A ge o f Interpretive C ognitivism(by Pierluigi Chiassoni) 565

21.1. Foreword 56521.2. The Exegetical School 565

21.2.1. The Professional Ideology o f the Exegetical Jurists 56621.2.2. The Interpretive Codes o f the Exegetical Jurists

(the Exegetical Codes) 57021.3. The Organicistic Legal Hermeneutics of Friedrich Carl

von Savigny 58221.3.1. A n Organicistic Conception o f Legal Interpretation:

Savigny’s Interpretive Code 58321.3.1.1. Interpreting Single, Non-defective, Laws 58321.3.1.2. Interpreting Defective Laws 58621.3.1.3. Interpreting Legal Sources as a Whole:

Antinomies and Gaps 58821.4. Legal Interpretation in the Heaven of Concepts 589

21.4.1. R udo lf von Jhering 59021.4.2. Bernhard Windscheid 597

Chapter 2 2 - T he A ge o f D iscontent: T he R evolt against InterpretiveCognitivism(by Pierluigi Chiassoni) 601

22.1. Foreword 60122.2. Frangois Geny: Critique de la rnethode traditionnelle

and libre recherche scientifique 60122.3. The Free Law Movement 608

22.3.1. Back to the Future: Ehrlich's Vindication o f Free JudicialLaw-Finding 609

22.3.2. Down with “the Last Strongholds o f Scholasticism":Kantorowicz’s Free Legal Science 613

22.4. The Jurisprudence of Interests 61822.5. The Pure Theory of Law 622

TABLE OF CONTENTS XV

Chapter 23 - Taking Stock o f the Past: Rhetoric, Topics,H erm eneutics 627

23.1. Foreword {by Pierluigi Chiassoni) 62723.2. The Rediscovery of Rhetoric {by Eveline Feteris) 627

23.2.1. Perelman’s New Rhetoric 62723.2.2. Perelman’s General Argumentation Theory 62823.2.3. Perelman’s Legal Argumentation Theory 629

23.3. Arguing by Topics {by Hanna Maria Kreuzbauer) 63023.3.1. Theodor Viehweg’s Topics 63123.3.2. The Two Styles o f Reasoning: Topical and

Deductive-Systematic Reasoning 63123.3.3. Legal Reasoning Should Become Topical Reasoning 63223.3.4. Critique 63323.3.3. Conclusion 634

23.4. Legal Interpretation and Hermeneutics{by Pierluigi Chiassoni) 63423.4.1. The Legal Hermeneutics o f Emilio Betti 63523.4.2. Betti vs. Gadamer 64323.4.3. Esser and the German Hermeneutical Movement 645

Chapter 24 - T he A ge o f Analysis: Logical Em piricism, Ordinary Language, and the Sim ple Truth o f the Matter{by Pierluigi Chiassoni) 647

24.1. Foreword 64724.2. The Spell of Logical Positivism 647

24.2.1. Norberto Bobbio’s Linguistic Turn 64724.2.2. Eugenio Bulygin’s Two-Tier Model 649

24.3. Analysis as a Plain Tool: Wroblewski’s Way 65224.4. Analysis and Realism 655

24.4.1. A l f Ross’s Fundamental Break 65524.4.2. Giovanni Tarello and Genoese Analytical Realism 658

Chapter 25 - Advancing R eason to Its Further Borders{by Eveline Feteris) 665

25.1. Introduction 66525.2. MacCormick’s Institutional Theory of Legal Reasoning

and Legal Justification 66523.2.1. Introduction 66523.2.2. A n Institutional Approach to Law and Legal Justification 66723.2.3. Universalizability and Deductive Justification 668

XVI TREATISE, 12 (2) - 20TH CENTURY: TH E CIVIL LAW WORLD

25.2.4. Problems with Deductive justification 66925.2.5. Consequentialist Argumentation and Argumentation

from Coherence 67025.3. Habermas’s Discourse Theory and the Rationality

of Legal Discourse 67325.3.1. Introduction 67325.3.2. The Theory o f Rational Practical Discourse

and the Communicative Character o f theRational Acceptability o f Moral Claims 67 3

25.3.3. The Rationality and Legitimacy o f Legal Discourse 67625.3.4. Law, Morality, and the Relation between Legal

Discourse and Moral Discourse 67725.4. Alexy’s Theory of Legal Discourse as a Theory of Rational

Practical Discourse in a Legal Context 67925.4.1. Introduction 67925.4.2. The Theory o f Rational Practical Discourse 67925.4.3. The Theory o f Legal Argumentation (by Eveline Feteris

and Harm Kloosterhuis) 68125.4.4. Legal and General Practical Discourse 685

25.5. Aarnio’s Theory of the Justification of Legal Interpretations 68625.5.1. Introduction 68625.5.2. The Interpretation o f Legal Norms 68725.5.3. The justification o f an Interpretation Standpoint 68825.5.4. Internal and External justification 68825.5.5. The Rationality and Acceptability o f Legal

Interpretations 68925.5.5.1. The Procedural Component of the Theory:

The Rationality of Discussions about Legal Interpretations 689

25.5.5.2. The Substantial Component of the Theory:The Acceptability of Legal Interpretations 691

25.6. Peczenik’s Theory of Legal Reasoning and Legal Justification 69325.6.1. Introduction 69325.6.2. The Analytical-Reconstructive Component:

The Reconstruction o f the Different Levels o f theProcess o f the justification o f Legal Decisions 694

25.6.3. The Various Transformations in the justificationo f Legal Decisions 69525.6.3.1. The Transformation into the Law 69525.6.3.2. The Transformation inside the Law 696

25.6.4. Different Levels o f justification and Transformation 69825.6.5. The Normative-Evaluative Component: The Deep

justification o f Legal Reasoning 699

TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII

25.6.5.1. The Rationality of Legal Argumentation 69925.6.5.2. The Legal Ideology 700

25.7. The Pragma-Dialectical Theory of Legal Argumentationin the Context of a Critical Discussion 70125.7.1. Introduction25.7.2. The General Theory o f Argumentation as Tart

701

o f a Critical Discussion 70225.7.3. Legal Argumentation as Part o f a Critical Discussion25.7.4. The Analysis and Evaluation o f Legal Argumentation

704

in the Context o f a Critical Discussion 70625.7.5. Strategic Manoeuvring in Legal Argumentation 708

Chapter 26 - Law and Logic in the 2 0 th Century(by Jan Wolehski) 709

26.1. Introduction 70926.2. Logic and Legal Logic 70926.3. Notes on Normatives 71426.4. The Jörgensen Dilemma 71926.5. Prehistory of Normative Logic 72126.6. Attempts at NL Construction from 1926 to 1951 72826.7. Deontic Logic: The Standard System 73326.8. The Issues Discussed in Deontic Logic 736

26.8.1. Paradoxes 73626.8.2. Lessons from Paradoxes 73726.8.3. Some Problems in Deontic Logic 738

26.9. Logic and Legal Arguments 741

Chapter 27 - Recent D evelopm ents in Legal Logic(by Davide Grossi and Antonino Rotolo) 743

27.1. Introduction 74327.2. The Logic of Obligations: Beyond Standard Deontic

Logic 74327.2.1. Contrary-to-Duty Obligations and Preferences 74327.2.2. Beyond Obligation and Permission 744

27.3. Normative Systems 74527.3.1. Input/O utput Logic 74627.3.2. Algebras o f Norma tive Systems 747

27.4. Defeasibility in Legal Reasoning 74827.4.1. Meanings o f “Defeasibility” in the Law 74827.4.2. Defeasibility and Argumentation: Layers in the Law 750

XVIII TREATISE, 12 (2) - 20TI I CENTURY: TH E CIVIL LAW WORLD

27.5. Legal Dynamics27.5.1. AGM -based Approaches - j ^27.5.2. Dynamic Logic Approaches

21.6 . Conclusions

Bibliography 7 _7

Index o f Subjects ^ 9

Index o f N am es 837