LEGAL AND FINANCIAL SOLUTIONS FOR HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT

LEGAL AND FINANCIAL

SOLUTIONS FOR

HOUSEHOLD WASTE

MANAGEMENT

Jean-Pierre HANNEQUART

Directeur Général IBGE / Président ACR+

KIEV,25-26 NOVEMBER 2013

PLAN

A/ LEGAL FRAMEWORKTHE BASIC LEGAL OBLIGATIONS FOR WASTE

THE WASTE HIERARCHY PRINCIPLETHE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY TARGETS

B/ ECONOMIC FRAMEWORKGLOBAL VIEW ON ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTSECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT PRODUCT LEVELECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT WASTE LEVELTHE EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSABILITY

A / LEGAL FRAMEWORK

Event Title, Date

Waste Framework Directive

(2008/98/EC)

Waste Streams

Waste Treatment Operations

Framework Legislation

Waste Shipment Regulation

(EEC/259/93)

Incineration Directive

(2000/76/EC)

Landfill Directive (1999/71/EC)

recycling standards(future, based on

WFD)

Sewage Sludge

(75/439/EEC)

Batteries & Accumulator

s(2006/66/EC)

Packaging & Packaging

Waste(94/62/EC)

PCBs, PCTs (96/59/EC)

End-of-Life Vehicles

(2000/53/EC)

Electrical & Electronic Equipment

(2000/96/EC)

Mining Waste

(2003/319/EC)

Restrictions on the Use of Hazardous

Substances in WEEE (2002/95/EC)

GLOBAL LEGAL

VIEW ON EU

WASTE LAW

.

BASIC LEGAL OBLIGATIONS (1)

Waste management without endangering human health, harming the environment and:

Without risk to water, air, soil, plants or animals Without causing a nuisance (noise, odours) Without adversely affecting countryside or places of special interest

Prohibition of abandonment, dumping, uncontrolled disposal of waste

Permit requirement for waste treatment facilities

Traceability of hazardous waste

Waste Management Plans by Member States

BASIC LEGAL OBLIGATIONS (2)

THE WASTE HIERARCHY PRINCIPLE (1)

(Article 4 /Directive 2008/98)

The following waste hierarchy shall apply as a priority order (a) prevention; (b) preparing for re-use; (c) recycling (d) other recovery, e.g. energy recovery; and (e) disposal.

PREVENTION

PREPARING FOR RE-USE

RECYCLING

RECOVERY

SAFE DISPOSAL

WASTE

PRODUCT (NON-WASTE)

ORDER OF PRIORITIES =BEST ENVIRONMENTALOUTCOME ( LIFE CYCLE THINKING)



…priority order…in legislation and policy… (art.4/Directive 2008/98)

==> legally binding hierarchy for treatment investments

==> legally binding hierarchy for waste subventions


…priority order…except…If it’s not “ the best overall environmental outcome”If it’s “ justified by life-cycle thinking” (art.4§2 / Directive 2008/98)

LCA is a tool used to evaluate the potential environmental impactsof a product, process or activity throughout its entire life cycle by quantifying the use of resources and environmental emissions

LCT can and should be applied to waste management as an essential complement to the waste hierarchy in view of its ability to integrate all the variables that influence the environmental performance

PREVENTION MUST BE QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE PREVENTION INCLUDES THE RE-USE OF PRODUCTS

Article 3 (12) / DIRECTIVE 2008/98 :

“Waste Prevention" means …measures taken before waste is created …including the re-use of products that reduce:

a) the quantity of waste

b) the adverse impacts of generated waste

c) the content of harmful substances in the waste

THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE

(1)

3 RE-USE LEVELS

THE WASTE PREVENTION PRINCIPLE (2)

Strict avoidance

Reduction at source

Re-use

Recycling

Incineration

Land filling

Waste prevention

Waste minimization Waste disposal

Products/ Materials Waste

Prepare for re-use

WASTE PREVENTION IS NOT « MINIMIZATION OF WASTE »


Article 11 (Directive 2008/98)

Member States shall take measures, as appropriate, to promote the re-use of products and preparing for re-use activities, notably by encouraging the establishment and support of re-use and repair networks, the use of economic instruments, procurement criteria, quantitative objectives or other measures.

Article 29:

Member States shall establish… waste prevention programmes no later than 12 December 2013.


( WASTE PREVENTION PROGRAMMES)

Member States shall determine appropriate and specific qualitative or quantitative benchmarks for waste prevention measures in order to monitor and assess the progress of the measures and may determine specific qualitative or quantitative targets and indicators…others than those fixed by “comitology”… (art.29 /directive 2008/98)

3 CONCEPTS ARE REQUIREDBENCHMARKS = comparisons of performances and methods with the goal of assessing and improving waste prevention TARGETS = objectives for levels of performanceINDICATORS = instruments for measurement and verification of targets

«Benchmarking» is a legal obligation: Member States «shall» build both «qualitative or quantitative» standards

Some quantitative targets and indicators could be harmonized: this must be done by a European regulatory procedure


Waste Type & Activity Generation (kg/hab./y) Potential waste reduction(kg/hab./y)

1 BIO-WASTE 220 40

• Green scaping 90 10

• Smart gardening

• Act against food waste 30 10

• Home, community & on-site composting 100 20

2 PACKAGING 150 25

• Encouraging refillable/returnable bottles 35 12

• Promoting tap water 6 2

• Encouraging reusable bags 2 1

• Fight against excess packaging 107 10

3 PAPER WASTE 100 15

• Reducing unwanted & unaddressed mail 15 4

• Encourage dematerialisation through ICT 75 9

• Reducing kitchen, tissue and towel paper 10 2

4 BULKY WASTE 52 12

• Promote clothes & other textiles waste prevention 15 4

• Promote furniture waste prevention 20 4

• Promote WEEE prevention 17 4

5 NAPPIES & OTHER WASTE 78 8

• Swap to reusable nappies and incontinence pads 18 2

• Other municipal waste prevention strategies 60 6

TOTAL 600 100

Which targets ?


EU BENCHMARK-10 (of 90) kg

EX: BIOWASTE PREVENTION VIA GREEN GARDENING


EX: ACT AGAINST FOOD WASTAGE(food = 20-30% of total CO2 emissions)



EX: COMPOSTING AT SOURCE(individuals, neighbourhood, green areas)



Country Bottled Water Consumption per Person in Leading Countries, 2004 (in liters)

Packaging weightkg/pers/year

Italy 183.6 6,1

Belgium & Luxembourg 148.0 4,9

France 141.6 4,7

Spain 136.7 4,6

Germany 124.9 4,2

Switzerland 99.6 3,3

Cyprus 92.0 3,1

Czech Republic 87.1 2,9

Austria 82.1 2,7

Portugal 80.3 2,7


EX: PACKAGING WASTE PREVENTION VIA TAP WATER PROMOTION


EX: PAPER WASTE PREVENTION VIA THE REDUCTION OF UNWANTED MAIL



EX: OFFICE DEMATERIALISATION



PARTICIPATE IN THE EUROPEAN WEEK FOR WASTE REDUCTION

Engagements labeled as “EWWR actions” through a registration process based on common criteria across Europe

Themes include:

Too much waste

Better production

Better consumption

A longer life for products

Less waste thrown away

Organizers include:

Andorra-Vlaanderen (BE), Brussels Gewest (BE), Wallonie (BE), Estonia, France, Ireland, Italië, Portugal, Catalonia (ES), Gipuzkoa (ES), Asturias (ES), lles Balears (ES), Valencia (ES), Navarra (ES), Zweden, Greater London (UK), Belfast (UK), Wales (UK), Scotland (UK) and more!

www.ewwr.eu


http://www.ewwr.eu/

Waste Framework Directive

(2008/98/EC)

Waste Streams

Waste Treatment Operations

Framework Legislation

Landfill Directive (1999/71/EC)

Batteries & Accumulator

s(2006/66/EC)

Packaging & Packaging

Waste(94/62/EC)

End-of-Life Vehicles

(2000/53/EC)

Electrical & Electronic Equipment

(2000/96/EC))

THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY TARGETS(1)

ART 11 Recycling = any recovery operation by which

waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes the reprocessing of organic material but does not include energy recovery and the reprocessing into materials that are to be used as fuels or for backfilling operations.

(Art. 11/DIRECTIVE 2008/98

« By 2020, the preparing for re-use and recycling of:

– 50% by weight of at least paper, metal, plastic and glass from household and possibly other origins as far as these waste streams are similar to waste from households;

– 70% by weight of non-hazardous construction & demolition waste

(… can include transition periods for Member States which, in 2008, recycled less than 5 % of either categories of waste ”)

THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY TARGETS (2)

Check presentation from EC

THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY TARGETS

(3)

Directive Year Recoverytargets

Recycling targets Collection targets

Landfill of biodegradable municipal waste

1999/31/EC 2006 Reduction to 75% of the amount generated in 1995

2009 Reduction to 50% of the amount generated in 1995

2016 Reduction to 35% of the amount generated in 1995

THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY TARGETS

(4)

Directive Year Recovery targets

Recycling targets

Collection targets

Packaging waste 1994/62/EC 2008 60% 55%

End-of-Life Vehicles 2000/53/EC 2006 85% incl. Reuse 80% incl. reuse 100%

2015 95% incl. Reuse 85% incl. reuse 100%

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)

2002/96/EC 2006 70 – 80%(differs acc. to WEEE

categories)

50 – 80% incl. reuse(differs acc. to WEEE

categories)

Min. 4 kg per inhabitant per year

Batteries and accumulators

2006/66/EC 2012 25%

2016 45%

Batteries and accumulators

2011 50–75% efficiency (differs acc.to battery type)

Tyres 1999/31/EC 2006 Zero landfill of tyres

THE WASTE RECYCLING/RECOVERY

TARGETS (5)

DIRECTIVE 94/62 amended by 2004/12 on «PACKAGING» 55% - 80% including min.:• 60% glass• 60% paper• 50% metal• 22,5% plastic• 15% wood


TARGETS (6)

LOOK AT LRAS PERFORMANCES


TARGETS (7)

B / ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK

Raw material taxes

Eco-taxes Green certificates

EPR fees

Deposit refunds

Waste collection taxes (PAYT)

Landfill taxes

Life cycle

Incineration taxes

Tax rebates

GLOBAL VIEW OF ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS

Tax rebates

Subsidies

Subsidies / Financial aids

Alternative currency

- property taxes

- waste service fees

- user-based fees

- …PAYT

ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT WASTE LEVEL (1)

Cfr Bjuv-Sweden : WEIGHT-BASE FEE (kg/household/year)

1999 2000

Waste Collected 302 kg 245 Residual Waste 246 136 Recycled Waste 56 109

cfr. Dresden-Germany:BEFORE AND AFTER « PAYT »

2007 2008

Total 318 kg 281

Residual 228 148

Recyclables 90 133

Source : EUNOMIA/REICHENBACH

Cfr . FLANDERS +/-0.60 EUR per grey waste bags (1993-1996)

Separate waste +82 to +155 kg/inh/yResidual waste -22 to -140 kg/inh/y

PAYTexamples:

ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT WASTE LEVEL (2)

Country Landfill Tax (€/t)

Incineration Tax (€/t)

Landfill Ban

Banned Materials / Wastes

Austria (87)/26 7 2004Biodegradability and other criteria

Finland 30 2005Biodegradable and compostable waste

Germany 2001Biodegradability and other criteria

Ireland 30In

consideration2009 Waste that is not pre-treated

Italy 262003/

2007Biodegradability and other criteria

Belgium-Flanders

60 71998/2000

Unsorted wastes, sorted and non-sorted wastes for recovery, combustible residual fraction from sorting, combustible wastes

Belgium-Wallonia

3 2004 Various

ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT WASTE LEVEL (3) Source:EUNOMIA

Country Landfill Tax

Incinera-tion Tax

Landfill Ban

Denmark 50 44 1997 Combustible wasteFrance 9.15 2002 ‘Ultimate Waste Flows’

The Netherlands 85 1996Various, incl household waste

Norway 40Pollutant

basedFrom mid-2009 Biodegradable waste

Sweden 43Varies with

energy generation

20022006

Combustible wasteOrganic waste

Czech Republic 16 1997: Paper, 2004: BMW

Estonia 8 2008 Unsorted wasteSlovakia 7.9Slovenia 2001

Spain - Catalonia 10 5 None

United Kingdom 56Under consideration by devolved administrations

ECONOMICS INSTRUMENTS AT PRODUCT LEVEL (1)

ECOTAXES

Examples:

Danish and Dutch taxes on packaging based on “environmental impacts”

Irish tax on plastic bags French VAT reduction on reuse products and activities Some local German taxes on one-way items

MANDATORY DEPOSIT:

examples Scandinavian systems on packaging

German deposit (2005-2006) on all one way containers for beer, water and soft drinks (except ecologically advantageous packaging)


EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY (EPR)

= a policy approach in which a producer’s responsibility for a

product is extended to the post-consumer stage of a product’s

life cycle (OECD)

Objectives:

•Design of environmentally sound products

•Integration of environmental costs

•Improved waste management and recycling


Various EPR Schemes

• (Packaging )(Packaging )

• Batteries & accumulatorsBatteries & accumulators

• End-of-Life vehiclesEnd-of-Life vehicles

• Electric & electronic Electric & electronic

equipmentequipment

• (Packaging )(Packaging )


• End-of-Life vehiclesEnd-of-Life vehicles


equipmentequipment

• PackagingPackaging


• End-of-life vehiclesEnd-of-life vehicles


equipmentequipment

• PaperPaper

• PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals

• TextilesTextiles

• TyresTyres

• Waste oilsWaste oils

• PesticidesPesticides

• FurnitureFurniture

• ……

• PackagingPackaging


• End-of-life vehiclesEnd-of-life vehicles


equipmentequipment

• PaperPaper

• PharmaceuticalsPharmaceuticals

• TextilesTextiles

• TyresTyres

• Waste oilsWaste oils

• PesticidesPesticides

• FurnitureFurniture

• ……

EU DirectivesEU Directives

Some Member StatesSome Member States


Packaging Directive

ELV Directive

BATTERIES Directive

WEEDirective

Shared responsibility

Ec. Operators have to:- put in place collection schemes

- reach quantitative reuse-recycling targets

Various EU

rules onEPR

• OR Management of returned products• OR Financial responsibility for such activities• OR Information about “re-usability” or “recyclability”• OR Design of products to reduce their environmental

impacts

WASTE FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE

Producers have to: - Reach collection targets- Finance information campaigns

Producers have to: - Reach (ind. or coll. ) collection targets- Consider waste mgt at the conception phase

- Finance household WEEE treatment


Evolution of total contributions perceived for regulated EPR streams (except tires) in France, between 1992 and 2015

0

200 000 000

400 000 000

600 000 000

800 000 000

1 000 000 000

1 200 000 000

1 400 000 000

1 600 000 000

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Emballages > 90%

Packaging < 50%From 1,4 Bn collected+/- 700 M redistributed to municipalities (Total costs for MSW +/- 7 Bn)


Gulledelle 1001200 Brussels32.2.775.76.02

[email protected]

LEGAL AND FINANCIAL SOLUTIONS FOR HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT

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