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-Ordinary Meaning- "The Plain Meaning" Rule- Courts presumethat words in a statute have their plain or ordinary meaning.Difers rom de nitional meaning.

-!se Di tionaries assist with determining the meaning #onlyuse as aids$ not as eviden e%. Or use ollo&uial meaning.

-'ays to avoid Ordinary meaning(-Te h. meaning- ) word or phrase that has a &uired ate hni al or uni&ue meaning in a spe i onte*t hasthat meaning i the word+phrase is used in that onte*t.-, word has ordinary te h. meanings(

-'hether surrounding words are te hni al.

-'hether statute was dire ted to a te hni alaudien e.-'hen in dou t$ interpret in avor o iti/en.

-0ew Te*tualists riti isms o 12- ,llegitimate unlessprodu t o i ameralism$ an3t 4now i it representseveryone3s intent$ la 4 o review # ongressman don3t payattention5 they rely on advisors too$ not 6ust reports%$!nrelia ility #politi al ias and lo yist wooing%$Congress ould use history to manipulate system andseparation o powers i they 4new 6udges would use 12 ininterpreting.- !ses( 7hed light on intent o ena ting legislature oridenti y statutory purpose. Determine spe iali/edmeanings.-7emanti Canons--8ver anon has an e&ual+opposite ounter anon.-,n pari meteria- ) se tion o an a t should not e read inisolation$ and new statutes should e interpreted inharmony with e*isting statutes.-Presumption o Consistent !sage- ,denti al words indiferent parts o the same a t are intended to have thesame meaning.-)void redundan y.-8*pressio !nius- The e*pression o one implies e* lusiono others.-Criti ism( Might e e*amples and not e* lusive.-!se only when items are mem ers o a group or series

6usti es that terms were deli erately le t out.-86usdem generis- "O the same 4ind"- 'hen there is alist o terms ollowed y a " at h all" term$ this anongives the last term a narrow meaning so it en ompassesonly things similar to items spe i ally mentioned.-Criti ism( guring out the shared hara teristi s o theterms that limit the last term an e di9 ult.-Two approa hes( !se to int. te*t$ or see i it:s

am iguous.-0os itur a so iis- ) word has an am iguous meaning #usually road or narrow%$ then surrounding terms an give lues tothat meaning.

-Criti ism( 'hen a road term appears in a list with narrowterms$ its meaning ould e narrowed.

-)voiden e Canon- )void interpreting statutes in a way that would raise a onstitutional issue.-Modern- )void interpretation i it would lead to a dou t o onstitutionality.

-, it is reasona le or airly possi le #;rennan%-, Congress wants to ross lose to un onstitutionality line$they must e*pli itly say it$ or the anon will e applied#Ma6ority%.

-0ot de nite un onstitutionality- reates a wider prote tivenessaround the onstitutional &uestion.

Linear approach (moderate textualist). Determine ordinary or te hni al meaning o the lang(-Choose whi h is appropriate.?. Determine whether ordinary meaning is am iguous(-)m iguity- two or more e&ually plausi le meanings.@. Determine whether there is a reason to avoid ord.meaning(-) surdity-

-0arrow de # rustrate purpose+intent%-;road de #would should general ommon sense%

-7 rivener:s 8rror$ or Constitutional )voidan e Do trine.A. 7ee i other ,ntrinsi 7our es are relevant to themeaning(-Brammar Pun tuation #unless they ontradi t ea hother%.-7emanti Canons-

-,n pari materia.-The presumption o onsistent usage and meaning ul

variation.-Rule against redundan y.-0os itur a so iis$ e6usdem generis$ or e*pressio unius

-Te*tual 7tru ture( titles$ pream les$ ndings$ purposelauses.. 7ee i 8*trinsi sour es are relevant to meaning(

-Other 1aws--Con i ting statutes anons-2armoni/e i possi le$ i not(

-7pe i statutes E Beneral statutes 1ater Eearlier ones.-Timing-

-Pre-ena tment--7o ial onte*t-12( ;i ameral passage$ on eren e ommitee

reports$ommittee reports$ 7tatements.

-Post-ena tment-7u se&uent 12$ strong stare de isis legislative

a &uies en e-De eren e to ) ,nterpretation.

-Regulations-7tatutes

-74idmore- Power to Persuade Test$ or

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-Judicial Review o !tatutory "nterpretation(#hevron):-C28 RO0 T'O-7T8P(-Chevron applies when )gen y interprets a statute that itadministers.-!tep $) 2as C dire tly addressed the pre ise &uestion atissue #is the t*t lear or am ig%=

-De ide using traditional tools o statutory interpretation.-, N87$ ong. intent is lear ) must implement as

written.-, 0O$ or C is silent on the issue$ then pro eed to 7tep >.

-!tep %) , the statute is am iguous$ is the ) interpretationreasona le=

-)+C standard.-2ard 1oo4 Review-Cts must review not ased on whether the ):s

interpretation is a reasona le+permissi le one.-Te*tualists e*amine more thoroughly using all tools o int in7tep less o ten.-'hat is an am iguity=( 8*haustive eforts undermine valueso Chevron and li4ely won:t produ e more a urate a ounto intent than ):s own int.-Lusti ation or Chevron( C:s silen e impli it delegation o power to ).-One view- Bood$ it enhan es C:s a ility to * it$ e ausemore a ounta ility with ):s. Counter-view- )llows C to s4irt

responsi ility$ 4nowing it will e le t to ) to interpret. Theyan in uen e to ma4e it do what it wants. , statute wereinterpreted y the 6udge$ then C has little in uen e overtheir de ision-ma4ing.-Diferen e etween C28 RO0 and 2earst+74idmore(-Move rom multi a tor standard ased approa h to a rule

ased approa h.-Doesn:t distinguish etween mi*ed+pure &uestions.7igni ant e ause that line o ases gave de eren e to K:sthat were at least partly a tual.-8arly Cases(% , K o 1aw and Ia t 7ome de eren e.

-2earst- Mi*ed Ks aforded su stantial de eren e to ):son lusions as long as ased on reasona le asis o law

su9 ient evidentiary support. Review only to ensure arational asis in the law and warrant in the re ord.

-74idmore- 2eart de eren e distinguished( % 2earst opinion had

or e o law as a legal de ision.-, ) has appropriate power and goes through ormal RM$

2earst su stantial de eren e applies.-, 0o ormal pro eedings$ or i ) la 4ed Congressionally-

mandated power$ then the ) an get 74idmore Respe t$ utnot de eren e. The rulings$ interpretations$ and opinions o) not ontrolling$ ut do onstitute a ody o e*perien e andin ormed 6udgment. The wt o su h 6udgment depends onIa tors( 'as there some adversarial pro eeding where itheard eviden e and tried to dis ern a ts= 2ow te hni al isthe material= ):s interpretation that is lose in time to theena ting o statute is given more de eren e. Thoroughness

o onsideration$ valid reasoning$ onsisten y.Q )pplies tonon- inding statements su h as opinion letters$ guidan edo s$ and interpretive rules. Respe t due to ):s e*pertiseand e*perien e.-&ead: Ior in ormal ad6 only$ ormal pro eedings alwayspass Mead.% Delegation may e shown a variety oways$ as y an ):s power to engage in ad6 or 0 C RM$ orsome other indi ation o a ompara le ongressional intent.-8*press delegation( C le t gap or ) to ll 7u h a ruling

-Ad'udication- Con erns past events5 appli ation o laws$rules$ poli y$ to F a tsG Ludi ial aspe t o rule-ma4ing.1i ensing and stuf.-Iormal )d6udi ation- AA $ AAJ. ,nvolve adversarialhearings that involve an agen y loo4ing to impose apenalty or resolve a dispute on a regulated party orparties. M!7T allow interested parties to ma4e oralpresentation o their eviden e.-Bive agen ies e*i ility + pro lems an e parti ularlyspe iali/ed uni&ue$ it ma4es sense to e a le to handlethem on a ase- y- ase asis rather than having to ma4erules to try and anti ipate everything.-Chenery - )gen y has road authority to ma4erules+poli y as it sees t through ad6udi ation or RM.

-A a tors to assess o legality o retroa tive a tions(