Left opposition (Trotsky)
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Transcript of Left opposition (Trotsky)
“1994 was the first year without Lenin. The Communist Party and the Soviet people continued their creative work of building socialism under Comrade Stalin’s leadership. Comrade Stalin rallied the Party around its Central Committee and mobilised for the struggle to build socialism in
the USSR” Stalin 1947
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Ruling alliance
Opposition faction
Key issues Industrialisation debateFuture of the revolution
Industrialisation debate
Future of the revolution
Industrialisation debate
Future of the revolution
Left opposition (Trotsky)
Right opposition (Bukharin, Rykov & Tomsky)
United opposition (Trotsky, Zinoviev & Kamenev)
New Opposition (Zinoviev & Kamenev)
Stalin Duumvirate (Bukharin & Stalin)
Triumvirate (Zinoviev, Kamenev & Stalin)
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Ruling alliance Triumvirate (Zinoviev, Kamenev & Stalin)
Duumvirate (Bukharin & Stalin)
Stalin
Opposition faction Left opposition (Trotsky) New Opposition (Zinoviev & Kamenev)
United opposition (Trotsky, Zinoviev & Kamenev)
Right opposition (Bukharin, Rykov & Tomsky)
Key issues Industrialisation debate
Future of the revolution
Industrialisation debate
Future of the revolution
Industrialisation debate
Future of the revolution
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3
Ruling alliance Triumvirate (Zinoviev, Kamenev & Stalin)
Duumvirate (Bukharin & Stalin)
Stalin
Opposition faction Left opposition (Trotsky) New Opposition (Zinoviev & Kamenev)
United opposition (Trotsky, Zinoviev & Kamenev)
Right opposition (Bukharin, Rykov & Tomsky)
Key issues Industrialisation debate
Future of the revolution
Industrialisation debate
Future of the revolution
Industrialisation debate
Future of the revolution
To what extent did Stalin use the same methods to destroy all his opponents? E.g. Ideological methods, manipulation of the party machine, devious tactics. How far do you agree that Stalin’s ability to manipulate the Party machine was the key to his success in the leadership struggle?
Stalin in power
The Revolution from above1928 - 41
What do you know about Stalin and the USSR during his time in power?
Stalin’s aims 1928 -1953: What did he want to achieve? What drove him? Was he successful?
• Modernise Soviet society & economy - creating a truly Communist and prosperous society
• Ensure the national security of the USSR (After the death of Lenin Stalin had called for ‘Socialism in One Country’ )
• Maintain his position as leader
What were Stalin’s main policies 1928 - 53?
• Collectivisation• The Five Year Plans• The Cultural Revolution (inc. the cult of personality
& policies towards women, religion, education & young people)
• The Purges• Leading USSR during ‘The Great Patriotic War’
(1941-45)
“Building socialism in the countryside.”
What economic problems were created by the NEP in the late 1920s?
Why did Stalin launch his collectivisation policy?
How far did collectivisation change over time?
How far did collectivisation meets its aims?
What economic problems were created by the NEP in the late 1920s?
• Using the source handout answer the question above.
Why did Stalin launch his collectivisation policy?Economic Aims
Ideological aims
Political aims
Grain procurement crisis 1927-9
What form did collectivisation take?How far did collectivisation change over time?
Radical policy
Radical policy reversed
Radical policy reintroduced
Emergency measures
Twenty –five
thousanders
“dekulakisation” - Liquidation of the
Kulaks
Forced collectivi
sation
Impact of forced
collectivisation ---> The
Party retreats/
“Dizzy with Success” --->
Policy suspended.
Collectivisation
resumesFamine
The collectivisation campaign in the USSR, 1930s. The slogan reads: "We kolkhoz farmers, on the basis of complete collectivisation, will liquidate the kulaks as a class." (THINK: Who is likely to have organised such a demonstration?)
What impact did collectivisation have?Positive Negative
Rural areas
Industrialisation + urbanisation
Political consequences.
Year
Number ofcollective
farms
Percent of farmsteads
in collective farmsPercent of sown area
in collective use
1927 14,800 0.8 –1928 33,300 1.7 2.31929 57,000 3.9 4.91930 85,900 23.6 33.61931 211,100 52.7 67.81932 211,100 61.5 77.71933 224,500 65.6 83.11934 233,300 71.4 87.41935 249,400 83.2 94.11936 – 90.5 98.21937 243,700 93.0 99.11938 242,400 93.5 99.81939 235,300 95.6 –1940 236,900 96.9 99.8
PRODUCTION:
Grain1928 = 73.3 million tons1934 = 67.6 million tons
Cattle1929 = 70.5 million 1934 = 42.4 million
Pigs1928 = 26 million
1934 = 22.6 million
Sheep and goats1928 = 146.7 million1934 = 51.9 million
How far did collectivisation meets its aims?Successes Failures
Economic Aims
Ideological aims
Political aims
HOW FAR IS IT ACCURATE TO DESCRIBE STALIN’S POLICY OF COLLECTIVISATION AS A FAILURE? (30 MARKS)
CONSEQUENCES?• 10,000,000 people exiled. • Those who remained endured hardship. Unrealistic
targets. Anger and resentment towards the government. This led to a DROP in productivity.
• The Kulaks were hard-working/successful, but had been exiled. Production fell.
• 1933 harvest was 9,000,000 tonnes less than that of 1926.
• Few farms acquired machinery. (too expensive).• BUT......by 1941 all farms were collective.
INDUSTRIALISATION?• Aim: to provide grain to export to raise funds for
industrialisation. • SUCCESS: more exported.• Standard of living fell for industrial workers. • FAILURE: urban workers no better off.• Unity between the peasants and workers?• FAILURE: urban workers (propaganda) anger at
peasants.• Growth of urban areas• SUCCESS: Urban population in cities grew.
POLITICAL CONSEQUENCES
• Surprisingly, the chaos united the Party behind their leader!
• Kulaks and peasants blamed for problems.• Many even supported the hard line against the
peasants.• Stalin achieved his personal ambition...Russia was
urbanised and grain procured was sold abroad. • BUT collectivisation was ruthless.