Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and...

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Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Department Yaşar University IZMIR TURKEY

Transcript of Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and...

Page 1: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN

Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Department

Yaşar University IZMIR TURKEY

Page 2: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control

Page 3: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building
Page 4: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building
Page 5: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

It is light that first enables “what you see”. Light plays a central role in the design of a visual environment. Light influences our well-being, aesthetic effect and the mood of a room or area.

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“Primarily, it is light which brings materials to life and gives a

room its form. A single beam of light allows for a surface to

express itself and creates shadows behind objects”

Tadao Ando

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We need light for

visionspace

mood or atmosphere

Creating a sense of space, both physically, experientially, and psychologically

Revealing materials and surfaces

• Safety

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Lighting as an instrument of design

Page 9: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

We love this instrument! We loved it a lot so that we started to use it very

often!

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• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control

Page 11: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building
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Page 13: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Europe by night NASA

Page 14: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building
Page 15: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control

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In commercial buildings, lighting constitutes generally 20–45% of

electricity demand but it varies a lot from one building to another

and the consumption of electric lighting can

sometimes be as much as 40% of the gross energy

consumption in some buildings.

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The most significant environmental impact (80–90%) of lighting is

generated during the operation of the lighting system; the cost of

an electric lighting installation typically represents only 15% of

total costs, while electricity use during operation

represents around 70% of total costs.

Page 18: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control

Page 19: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

«An improved design of buildings, especially early design

decisions may lead to significant energy reduction»

Page 20: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building
Page 21: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control

Page 22: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

Encouraging renewable energy production and use of energy efficient

products are promising solutions

DAYLIGHT

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Daylighting has been an implicit part of

building design for almost as long as

buildings have existed.

The evolution of the window, responding

to functional requirement, technological

opportunity and cultural influence, has

consistently enriched architecture through

centuries.

Page 24: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a

space through a building façade or ceiling, helping to

reduce or eliminate electric lighting usage (Ander,

2003).

With glare free design and operation, daylight can

help reduce lighting energy consumption by up to

65%.

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• Conserves energy (Free Lighting)

• Improves moods and combats depression

• Boosts energy and increases production levels

• Makes interior spaces appear larger

• Renders colors true

• Reduces eyestrain

• Brings the outdoors in

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Though daylight has many advantages, since it is not constant and stable, we have

to consider

other ways too.

Page 28: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control

Page 29: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

Encouraging renewable energy

production and use of energy efficient

products are promising solutions

ENERGY EFFICIANCY!

Page 30: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building
Page 31: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

using energy efficient products do not reduce energy consumption as predicted

because users feel that they have done their duty and tend to act carelessly. For

example users who use energy-saver lamps, started to consume more energy

(Merritt et al. 2010).

Page 32: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Encouraging renewable energy production and

use of energy efficient products are

promising solutions, yet they are being offset by ever-

increasing levels of energy consumption.

• This does not mean that we should not use energy efficient

products! Indeed we should! But we should not just rely on them

for saving energy

Page 33: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building
Page 34: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control

Page 35: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building
Page 36: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building
Page 37: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Occupancy sensing

• Daylight dimming

• Constant illuminance providing

• Task tuning

• Lumen maintenance

• Load shedding

• Bi-level Switching

• Time Clock

Types of control systems

Page 38: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

SAVING POTENTIAL OF CONTROL SYSTEMS???

Page 39: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

«...authors agree on the positive impact of these systems, there is a disagreement in

quantifying their saving potential» (Roisin et al. 2008, p.514).

Page 40: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

“Edison [2008] produced a report on the “Office of the Future,” which

referenced studies that provided energy savings for daylighting, occupancy sensors, and personal controls in open offices; vacancy sensors in private offices; and occupancy sensors in corridors.

The overall range of savings was 6 - 80 %.

The Advanced Lighting Guidelines On-Line Edition [New Buildings Institute 2011] presents a table of lighting energy savings by space type (private office, open office, and classroom) and controls type (multilevel switching, manual dimming, daylight harvesting, and occupancy sensors);

the range of lighting energy savings is 6 -70% across 11 categories of space types and controls types”

% x - % y

Page 41: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

Dissatisfactions with control systems

Page 42: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Most commonly used sensor type

• Automatically turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied

• Adjustments for sensitivity and time delay

• Proper selection, location, and adjustment of sensors is key to reliable operation

Page 43: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

1. Sensor Obstruction

2. Dirty Sensor

3. False Motion

4. False Heat Signature

5. Battery Life

6. False Daylight

7. Repeat Triggering

8. Shortening of lamp life

9. Long build-in delay times

1. Sensor Obstruction

An easy thing to determine is

whether the sensor is blocked for

any reason. If your motion sensor is

blocked, it cannot detect movement

within its sensing range. In some

cases, a spider may build a web

over the sensor. Still other times,

vegetation may have grown in front

of the motion sensor to obstruct it.

Page 44: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

1. Sensor Obstruction

2. Dirty Sensor

3. False Motion

4. False Heat Signature

5. Battery Life

6. False Daylight

7. Repeat Triggering

8. Shortening of lamp life

9. Long build-in delay times

2. Dirty Sensor

Outdoor-mounted sensors are

particularly prone to becoming

dirty. When your sensor becomes

too dirty, the effect is the same as

when it is blocked.

Page 45: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

3. False Motion

Whether in your home or outside,

you should check for natural

movement in your motion sensor's

range. Indoors, a blowing curtain or

a turning fan may trigger the motion

sensor. Outside, a tree branch or

other piece of vegetation blowing in

the wind can do the same.

1. Sensor Obstruction

2. Dirty Sensor

3. False Motion

4. False Heat Signature

5. Battery Life

6. False Daylight

7. Repeat Triggering

8. Shortening of lamp life

9. Long build-in delay times

Page 46: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

1. Sensor Obstruction

2. Dirty Sensor

3. False Motion

4. False Heat Signature

5. Battery Life

6. False Daylight

7. Repeat Triggering

8. Shortening of lamp life

9. Long build-in delay times

4. False Heat Signature

Some motion sensors are triggered

by a strong heat signature. This

prevents them from being triggered

by natural motion, but a strong heat

source such as a fireplace or vent in

wintertime can trigger them.

Page 47: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

1. Sensor Obstruction

2. Dirty Sensor

3. False Motion

4. False Heat Signature

5. Battery Life

6. False Daylight

7. Repeat Triggering

8. Shortening of lamp life

9. Long build-in delay times

5. Battery Life

The life of the batteries powering

your motion sensor will vary greatly

depending on the brand of battery

and the amount of motion that

occurs in the range of the sensor. The

more often your sensor is activated,

the more it will draw life from the

battery.

Page 48: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

1. Sensor Obstruction

2. Dirty Sensor

3. False Motion

4. False Heat Signature

5. Battery Life

6. False Daylight

7. Repeat Triggering

8. Shortening of lamp life

9. Long build-in delay times

6. False Daylight

Motion sensors on many security

lights are designed to save battery

life by switching off while the

ambient light in an area

approximates daylight.

Page 49: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

1. Sensor Obstruction

2. Dirty Sensor

3. False Motion

4. False Heat Signature

5. Battery Life

6. False Daylight

7. Repeat Triggering

8. Shortening of lamp life

9. Long build-in delay times

7. Repeat Triggering

A common problem with trail

cameras and chime detectors is that

when someone lingers in the motion

sensor's zone of detection, it will

often cause the sensor to trigger the

device continually

Page 50: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

1. Sensor Obstruction

2. Dirty Sensor

3. False Motion

4. False Heat Signature

5. Battery Life

6. False Daylight

7. Repeat Triggering

8. Shortening of lamp life

9. Long build-in delay times

8. Shortening of lamp life

Due to their low investment cost and energy efficiency, fluorescent lamps are commonly being used for commercial buildings. Yet another feature of fluorescent lamps is that their lamp life is quite related with switch on/off frequencies. Short burning cycles shortens the lamp life of fluorescent lamps. Therefore when we use fluorescent lamps with occupancy sensing controls with a short sensor interval, you may also reduce lamp life too.

Page 51: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

1. Sensor Obstruction

2. Dirty Sensor

3. False Motion

4. False Heat Signature

5. Battery Life

6. False Daylight

7. Repeat Triggering

8. Shortening of lamp life

9. Long build-in delay times

9. Long build-in delay times

Although control systems are

designed to reduce energy

consumption, “due to the build-in

delay times of the occupancy sensor,

this adapted user behaviour actually

reduced energy savings of the

occupancy sensors by 30%”(Reinhart

2001). Since users tend to trust

control systems and don’t turn off

lights while leaving, energy savings

don’t reduce as it was planned to.

Page 52: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Unsatisfactions related with working

on constant illuminance levels

• Optimum values which actually don’t

represent users’ actual preferences

Constant illuminance

(daylight dimming)

Page 53: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

As a conclusion, in order to reduce energy consumption due

to lighting (while obtaining visual comfort and user

satisfaction) using energy efficient products or control systems

are not sufficient by themselves.

Because occupants influence the building due to their

presence, activities and control actions that aim to improve

indoor environmental conditions (thermal, air quality, light,

noise).

Therefore,energy use in buildings is closely linked to their

operational and space utilization characteristics and the

behavior of their occupants(Hoes et al. 2009).

Page 54: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control

Page 55: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building
Page 56: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

The benefits of personalized environment operation of thermal

comfort, air quality, visual quality etc. have been recognized by

building researchers and experts around the world. However,

facility management staff members usually have concerns about

occupant manual control. Their experience suggests that most

building occupants might lack the knowledge to make

the ‘right’ adjustments. They unintentionally or intentionally

misuse or mis-set user side control devices because they don’t get

feedback from the system in time or they don’t know how to set up

comfortable conditions. It is very likely to cause dissatisfaction and

energy waste.

Page 57: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

Manual lighting control had been used in offices for decades

before building automation systems or energy management

systems were introduced.

survey results consistently indicated that building occupants

desire more control over their environment, including

lighting.

Manual control is equivalent to individual control unless a lighting

system is wired for each individual office or each area in an open

area with independent switches.

Page 58: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

There are three main benefits from individual lighting controls:

1) personal preference can be satisfied with individual control

of illuminance;

2) energy savings can be achieved because there are always

some occupants who choose illuminance lower than fixed light

levels;

3) different requirements for illuminance to do various tasks,

e.g. computer-based work, paper-based work, small group

discussion, etc. can be easily achieved when occupants

individually control lighting

Page 59: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control

Page 60: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building
Page 61: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

Newsham did a repeated measurement study in an open plan

office with 50 participants (Newsham et al., 2004). They

concluded that individual control improved occupants’ mood,

room appraisal, satisfaction with lighting environment, glare

dissatisfaction and self assessed productivity.

Page 62: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

Boyce invited 18 temporary employees to work in three

different lighting conditions in an office laboratory with no

daylight (Boyce et al., 2000). The three lighting designs are:

1) max 1210 lux on a horizontal surface for individual control;

2) max 600 lux on a horizontal surface for individual control;

3) max 500 lux on a horizontal surface with no individual

control.

The results showed that the average illuminance in

individual control is 10% lower than in a fixed system.

Individual control relates to higher rated lighting quality and

comfort, as well as lower user ratings for task difficulty

Page 63: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

180 participants were divided into 4 groups with different

lighting installation. Two of them were different lighting setups

with no individual control. One allowed occupants to switch a 3-

level desk lamp. One allowed occupants to dim a

direct/indirect cubicle luminaire from 0-100% through a

computer interface.

A wide difference in illuminance choice was observed

between individuals. Individual control brought over 90%

rated comfort, compared to 80% with no control. Dimming

of the ceiling light sustained more motivation and improved

performance on a measurement of attention compared to

staged-control of the desk lamp

Page 64: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• Occupants tend to select lower light levels than defined in standards,

especially for computer based work (Slater, 1996). Moore studied occupants’

manual control of general lighting in open-plan offices with daylight and

concluded that users choose to illuminate a wide range of work surface light

levels with an average 55% of maximum luminance capacity. Small control

zoning was associated with lower luminaire output (Moore et al., 2002).

• Over 50% of occupants reported that they preferred to have a dimmer device

located within their workstation, close to their keyboard or monitor (Maniccia

et al., 1999). Boyce identified an average 10% lower luminaire output in

individual lighting control compared to scheduled lighting control in windowless

offices (Boyce et al., 2000). Manual dimmers alone can achieve 23% energy

savings, while over 40% savings can be reached if used together with

occupant sensing. Continuous dimming helps save more energy in a space with

daylight compared to a space with no daylight (Jennings et al., 1999).

Page 65: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

A personalized space environment control provides the possibility

to meet different preferences held by each user, whose

satisfactory physical conditions may differ from the average

recommended standardized condition

Page 66: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• In a mock-up laboratory study, Boyce observed that occupants

adjusted illuminance for different tasks (Boyce et al., 2000).

Self-reported data showed that office occupants change

lighting output 50% of the time due to working on

computer- based tasks and 15% of the time due to reading

printed material (Maniccia et al., 1999). No respondents chose

“to save energy” as a reason for adjusting light output. The

percentage of working time on a computer decided the

average illuminance on the working plane (Moore et al., 2002).

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• By cooperating with auto-restore motion sensors and

manual light dimming, occupants’ satisfaction was improved

and wasted energy was reduced. Depending on office

orientation, 7-23% savings can be achieved by manual

dimming control compared to scheduling

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Wyon suggests the importance of adopting a “3-I” principle to

bring the user back into the control loop.

“3-I” represents insight, information and influence (Wyon, 2000).

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Wyon also said that “the user must understand the way that the

building works and the consequences of their actions, so they

must be given insight. They must learn to use the control

delegated to them.

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Boyce (Boyce et al., 2000) summarized three main desirable impacts resulting from allowing people to adjust illumination.

1. People’s preference to be able to lower the illumination level rather than working under fixed lighting contributes to energy savings and reduced utility costs.

2. Different illumination levels required for different tasks can be met by user manipulation. Boyce also showed that users’

3. moods may be improved by being given illumination control.

In a 3 survey done by Bordass et al, most office workers expressed a desire to have individual control and perceived improved comfort and enhanced productivity linked with such control (Bordass et al., 1993).

Page 71: Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and ...ip2014.eap.gr/lectures/arzucilasun_tr.pdf · Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a space through a building

• With the invention of artificial lamps, energy consumption of

lighting has increased

• Lighting is one of the biggest consumers on buildings right now.

• To reduce energy consumption of lighting we should use

daylight as much as possible

• Using energy efficient products is another solution but moral-

licensing can reduce its savings

• Control systems is widely being used though they have their own

drawbacks.

• Importance of manual/ individual control should not be

underestimated.

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• Building occupants desire more control over their environment,

including lighting.

• Individual control relates to higher rated lighting quality and

comfort, as well as lower user ratings for task difficulty

• individual control improved occupants’ mood, room appraisal,

satisfaction with lighting environment, glare dissatisfaction and

self assessed productivity.

• A wide difference in illuminance choice was observed between

individuals.

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• Controling the luminaire sustained more motivation and improved performance on a measurement of attention compared to staged-control of the desk lamp

• Occupants tend to select lower light levels than defined in standards, especially for computer based work

• Office occupants change lighting output 50% of the time due to working on computer- based tasks and 15% of the time due to reading printed material

“the user must understand the way that the building works and the consequences of their actions, so they must be given insight. They must learn to use the control delegated to them.

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Using energy efficient lamps/lighting systems and control systems have their own drawbacks. Nowadays, awareness in energy consumption has risen and alternative methodologies/ways are searched through to minimize it. Therefore instead of spending vast amount of money on expensive control systems, (by using energy efficient products) we should also consider user behaviour to reduce energy consumption. minor interventions and regenerating user behaviour towards lighting can significantly reduce energy consumption of lighting.

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Thank you for listening

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97uPp0IJV8w

Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN

Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Department

Yaşar University IZMIR TURKEY