Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and...
Transcript of Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN Interior Architecture and...
Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN
Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Department
Yaşar University IZMIR TURKEY
• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control
It is light that first enables “what you see”. Light plays a central role in the design of a visual environment. Light influences our well-being, aesthetic effect and the mood of a room or area.
“Primarily, it is light which brings materials to life and gives a
room its form. A single beam of light allows for a surface to
express itself and creates shadows behind objects”
Tadao Ando
We need light for
visionspace
mood or atmosphere
Creating a sense of space, both physically, experientially, and psychologically
Revealing materials and surfaces
• Safety
Lighting as an instrument of design
We love this instrument! We loved it a lot so that we started to use it very
often!
• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control
• Europe by night NASA
• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control
In commercial buildings, lighting constitutes generally 20–45% of
electricity demand but it varies a lot from one building to another
and the consumption of electric lighting can
sometimes be as much as 40% of the gross energy
consumption in some buildings.
The most significant environmental impact (80–90%) of lighting is
generated during the operation of the lighting system; the cost of
an electric lighting installation typically represents only 15% of
total costs, while electricity use during operation
represents around 70% of total costs.
• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control
«An improved design of buildings, especially early design
decisions may lead to significant energy reduction»
• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control
Encouraging renewable energy production and use of energy efficient
products are promising solutions
DAYLIGHT
Daylighting has been an implicit part of
building design for almost as long as
buildings have existed.
The evolution of the window, responding
to functional requirement, technological
opportunity and cultural influence, has
consistently enriched architecture through
centuries.
Daylighting is the allowance of natural light into a
space through a building façade or ceiling, helping to
reduce or eliminate electric lighting usage (Ander,
2003).
With glare free design and operation, daylight can
help reduce lighting energy consumption by up to
65%.
• Conserves energy (Free Lighting)
• Improves moods and combats depression
• Boosts energy and increases production levels
• Makes interior spaces appear larger
• Renders colors true
• Reduces eyestrain
• Brings the outdoors in
Though daylight has many advantages, since it is not constant and stable, we have
to consider
other ways too.
• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control
Encouraging renewable energy
production and use of energy efficient
products are promising solutions
ENERGY EFFICIANCY!
using energy efficient products do not reduce energy consumption as predicted
because users feel that they have done their duty and tend to act carelessly. For
example users who use energy-saver lamps, started to consume more energy
(Merritt et al. 2010).
• Encouraging renewable energy production and
use of energy efficient products are
promising solutions, yet they are being offset by ever-
increasing levels of energy consumption.
• This does not mean that we should not use energy efficient
products! Indeed we should! But we should not just rely on them
for saving energy
• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control
• Occupancy sensing
• Daylight dimming
• Constant illuminance providing
• Task tuning
• Lumen maintenance
• Load shedding
• Bi-level Switching
• Time Clock
Types of control systems
SAVING POTENTIAL OF CONTROL SYSTEMS???
«...authors agree on the positive impact of these systems, there is a disagreement in
quantifying their saving potential» (Roisin et al. 2008, p.514).
“Edison [2008] produced a report on the “Office of the Future,” which
referenced studies that provided energy savings for daylighting, occupancy sensors, and personal controls in open offices; vacancy sensors in private offices; and occupancy sensors in corridors.
The overall range of savings was 6 - 80 %.
The Advanced Lighting Guidelines On-Line Edition [New Buildings Institute 2011] presents a table of lighting energy savings by space type (private office, open office, and classroom) and controls type (multilevel switching, manual dimming, daylight harvesting, and occupancy sensors);
the range of lighting energy savings is 6 -70% across 11 categories of space types and controls types”
% x - % y
Dissatisfactions with control systems
• Most commonly used sensor type
• Automatically turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied
• Adjustments for sensitivity and time delay
• Proper selection, location, and adjustment of sensors is key to reliable operation
1. Sensor Obstruction
2. Dirty Sensor
3. False Motion
4. False Heat Signature
5. Battery Life
6. False Daylight
7. Repeat Triggering
8. Shortening of lamp life
9. Long build-in delay times
1. Sensor Obstruction
An easy thing to determine is
whether the sensor is blocked for
any reason. If your motion sensor is
blocked, it cannot detect movement
within its sensing range. In some
cases, a spider may build a web
over the sensor. Still other times,
vegetation may have grown in front
of the motion sensor to obstruct it.
1. Sensor Obstruction
2. Dirty Sensor
3. False Motion
4. False Heat Signature
5. Battery Life
6. False Daylight
7. Repeat Triggering
8. Shortening of lamp life
9. Long build-in delay times
2. Dirty Sensor
Outdoor-mounted sensors are
particularly prone to becoming
dirty. When your sensor becomes
too dirty, the effect is the same as
when it is blocked.
3. False Motion
Whether in your home or outside,
you should check for natural
movement in your motion sensor's
range. Indoors, a blowing curtain or
a turning fan may trigger the motion
sensor. Outside, a tree branch or
other piece of vegetation blowing in
the wind can do the same.
1. Sensor Obstruction
2. Dirty Sensor
3. False Motion
4. False Heat Signature
5. Battery Life
6. False Daylight
7. Repeat Triggering
8. Shortening of lamp life
9. Long build-in delay times
1. Sensor Obstruction
2. Dirty Sensor
3. False Motion
4. False Heat Signature
5. Battery Life
6. False Daylight
7. Repeat Triggering
8. Shortening of lamp life
9. Long build-in delay times
4. False Heat Signature
Some motion sensors are triggered
by a strong heat signature. This
prevents them from being triggered
by natural motion, but a strong heat
source such as a fireplace or vent in
wintertime can trigger them.
1. Sensor Obstruction
2. Dirty Sensor
3. False Motion
4. False Heat Signature
5. Battery Life
6. False Daylight
7. Repeat Triggering
8. Shortening of lamp life
9. Long build-in delay times
5. Battery Life
The life of the batteries powering
your motion sensor will vary greatly
depending on the brand of battery
and the amount of motion that
occurs in the range of the sensor. The
more often your sensor is activated,
the more it will draw life from the
battery.
1. Sensor Obstruction
2. Dirty Sensor
3. False Motion
4. False Heat Signature
5. Battery Life
6. False Daylight
7. Repeat Triggering
8. Shortening of lamp life
9. Long build-in delay times
6. False Daylight
Motion sensors on many security
lights are designed to save battery
life by switching off while the
ambient light in an area
approximates daylight.
1. Sensor Obstruction
2. Dirty Sensor
3. False Motion
4. False Heat Signature
5. Battery Life
6. False Daylight
7. Repeat Triggering
8. Shortening of lamp life
9. Long build-in delay times
7. Repeat Triggering
A common problem with trail
cameras and chime detectors is that
when someone lingers in the motion
sensor's zone of detection, it will
often cause the sensor to trigger the
device continually
1. Sensor Obstruction
2. Dirty Sensor
3. False Motion
4. False Heat Signature
5. Battery Life
6. False Daylight
7. Repeat Triggering
8. Shortening of lamp life
9. Long build-in delay times
8. Shortening of lamp life
Due to their low investment cost and energy efficiency, fluorescent lamps are commonly being used for commercial buildings. Yet another feature of fluorescent lamps is that their lamp life is quite related with switch on/off frequencies. Short burning cycles shortens the lamp life of fluorescent lamps. Therefore when we use fluorescent lamps with occupancy sensing controls with a short sensor interval, you may also reduce lamp life too.
1. Sensor Obstruction
2. Dirty Sensor
3. False Motion
4. False Heat Signature
5. Battery Life
6. False Daylight
7. Repeat Triggering
8. Shortening of lamp life
9. Long build-in delay times
9. Long build-in delay times
Although control systems are
designed to reduce energy
consumption, “due to the build-in
delay times of the occupancy sensor,
this adapted user behaviour actually
reduced energy savings of the
occupancy sensors by 30%”(Reinhart
2001). Since users tend to trust
control systems and don’t turn off
lights while leaving, energy savings
don’t reduce as it was planned to.
• Unsatisfactions related with working
on constant illuminance levels
• Optimum values which actually don’t
represent users’ actual preferences
Constant illuminance
(daylight dimming)
As a conclusion, in order to reduce energy consumption due
to lighting (while obtaining visual comfort and user
satisfaction) using energy efficient products or control systems
are not sufficient by themselves.
Because occupants influence the building due to their
presence, activities and control actions that aim to improve
indoor environmental conditions (thermal, air quality, light,
noise).
Therefore,energy use in buildings is closely linked to their
operational and space utilization characteristics and the
behavior of their occupants(Hoes et al. 2009).
• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control
The benefits of personalized environment operation of thermal
comfort, air quality, visual quality etc. have been recognized by
building researchers and experts around the world. However,
facility management staff members usually have concerns about
occupant manual control. Their experience suggests that most
building occupants might lack the knowledge to make
the ‘right’ adjustments. They unintentionally or intentionally
misuse or mis-set user side control devices because they don’t get
feedback from the system in time or they don’t know how to set up
comfortable conditions. It is very likely to cause dissatisfaction and
energy waste.
Manual lighting control had been used in offices for decades
before building automation systems or energy management
systems were introduced.
survey results consistently indicated that building occupants
desire more control over their environment, including
lighting.
Manual control is equivalent to individual control unless a lighting
system is wired for each individual office or each area in an open
area with independent switches.
There are three main benefits from individual lighting controls:
1) personal preference can be satisfied with individual control
of illuminance;
2) energy savings can be achieved because there are always
some occupants who choose illuminance lower than fixed light
levels;
3) different requirements for illuminance to do various tasks,
e.g. computer-based work, paper-based work, small group
discussion, etc. can be easily achieved when occupants
individually control lighting
• Light as an instrument • Before / After Artificial Lighting • Energy Consumption of Lighting • Ways to reduce energy consumption • Daylight (advantages/ drawbacks) • Energy efficient products (advantages / moral licensing) • Control systems ( saving potentials/problems related to them) • Manual Control • Interesting findings of studies on manual control
Newsham did a repeated measurement study in an open plan
office with 50 participants (Newsham et al., 2004). They
concluded that individual control improved occupants’ mood,
room appraisal, satisfaction with lighting environment, glare
dissatisfaction and self assessed productivity.
Boyce invited 18 temporary employees to work in three
different lighting conditions in an office laboratory with no
daylight (Boyce et al., 2000). The three lighting designs are:
1) max 1210 lux on a horizontal surface for individual control;
2) max 600 lux on a horizontal surface for individual control;
3) max 500 lux on a horizontal surface with no individual
control.
The results showed that the average illuminance in
individual control is 10% lower than in a fixed system.
Individual control relates to higher rated lighting quality and
comfort, as well as lower user ratings for task difficulty
180 participants were divided into 4 groups with different
lighting installation. Two of them were different lighting setups
with no individual control. One allowed occupants to switch a 3-
level desk lamp. One allowed occupants to dim a
direct/indirect cubicle luminaire from 0-100% through a
computer interface.
A wide difference in illuminance choice was observed
between individuals. Individual control brought over 90%
rated comfort, compared to 80% with no control. Dimming
of the ceiling light sustained more motivation and improved
performance on a measurement of attention compared to
staged-control of the desk lamp
• Occupants tend to select lower light levels than defined in standards,
especially for computer based work (Slater, 1996). Moore studied occupants’
manual control of general lighting in open-plan offices with daylight and
concluded that users choose to illuminate a wide range of work surface light
levels with an average 55% of maximum luminance capacity. Small control
zoning was associated with lower luminaire output (Moore et al., 2002).
• Over 50% of occupants reported that they preferred to have a dimmer device
located within their workstation, close to their keyboard or monitor (Maniccia
et al., 1999). Boyce identified an average 10% lower luminaire output in
individual lighting control compared to scheduled lighting control in windowless
offices (Boyce et al., 2000). Manual dimmers alone can achieve 23% energy
savings, while over 40% savings can be reached if used together with
occupant sensing. Continuous dimming helps save more energy in a space with
daylight compared to a space with no daylight (Jennings et al., 1999).
A personalized space environment control provides the possibility
to meet different preferences held by each user, whose
satisfactory physical conditions may differ from the average
recommended standardized condition
• In a mock-up laboratory study, Boyce observed that occupants
adjusted illuminance for different tasks (Boyce et al., 2000).
Self-reported data showed that office occupants change
lighting output 50% of the time due to working on
computer- based tasks and 15% of the time due to reading
printed material (Maniccia et al., 1999). No respondents chose
“to save energy” as a reason for adjusting light output. The
percentage of working time on a computer decided the
average illuminance on the working plane (Moore et al., 2002).
• By cooperating with auto-restore motion sensors and
manual light dimming, occupants’ satisfaction was improved
and wasted energy was reduced. Depending on office
orientation, 7-23% savings can be achieved by manual
dimming control compared to scheduling
Wyon suggests the importance of adopting a “3-I” principle to
bring the user back into the control loop.
“3-I” represents insight, information and influence (Wyon, 2000).
Wyon also said that “the user must understand the way that the
building works and the consequences of their actions, so they
must be given insight. They must learn to use the control
delegated to them.
Boyce (Boyce et al., 2000) summarized three main desirable impacts resulting from allowing people to adjust illumination.
1. People’s preference to be able to lower the illumination level rather than working under fixed lighting contributes to energy savings and reduced utility costs.
2. Different illumination levels required for different tasks can be met by user manipulation. Boyce also showed that users’
3. moods may be improved by being given illumination control.
In a 3 survey done by Bordass et al, most office workers expressed a desire to have individual control and perceived improved comfort and enhanced productivity linked with such control (Bordass et al., 1993).
• With the invention of artificial lamps, energy consumption of
lighting has increased
• Lighting is one of the biggest consumers on buildings right now.
• To reduce energy consumption of lighting we should use
daylight as much as possible
• Using energy efficient products is another solution but moral-
licensing can reduce its savings
• Control systems is widely being used though they have their own
drawbacks.
• Importance of manual/ individual control should not be
underestimated.
• Building occupants desire more control over their environment,
including lighting.
• Individual control relates to higher rated lighting quality and
comfort, as well as lower user ratings for task difficulty
• individual control improved occupants’ mood, room appraisal,
satisfaction with lighting environment, glare dissatisfaction and
self assessed productivity.
• A wide difference in illuminance choice was observed between
individuals.
• Controling the luminaire sustained more motivation and improved performance on a measurement of attention compared to staged-control of the desk lamp
• Occupants tend to select lower light levels than defined in standards, especially for computer based work
• Office occupants change lighting output 50% of the time due to working on computer- based tasks and 15% of the time due to reading printed material
“the user must understand the way that the building works and the consequences of their actions, so they must be given insight. They must learn to use the control delegated to them.
Using energy efficient lamps/lighting systems and control systems have their own drawbacks. Nowadays, awareness in energy consumption has risen and alternative methodologies/ways are searched through to minimize it. Therefore instead of spending vast amount of money on expensive control systems, (by using energy efficient products) we should also consider user behaviour to reduce energy consumption. minor interventions and regenerating user behaviour towards lighting can significantly reduce energy consumption of lighting.
Thank you for listening
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97uPp0IJV8w
Lecturer M. Sc. Arzu CILASUN
Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Department
Yaşar University IZMIR TURKEY