LECTURE’1’ literature’ - bioinf.gen.tcd.iebioinf.gen.tcd.ie › ... › Lecture1.pdf ·...

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LECTURE 1 literature

Transcript of LECTURE’1’ literature’ - bioinf.gen.tcd.iebioinf.gen.tcd.ie › ... › Lecture1.pdf ·...

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LECTURE  1  literature  

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GE3M11  Genomics  –  Mario  A.  Fares    

Lecture  1  –  literature  databases    

NCBI  PubMed  Science  CitaCon  Index  /  WOS  

Google  scholar      

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The  Power  of  InformaCon  

•  An  idea  is  an  abstract  process  based  on  informaCon  

•  Ideas  based  on  informaCon  lead  to  innovaCons  

•  InnovaCon  fuels  our  progress,  ergo  informaCon  is  the  source  of  civilizaCon  

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Inheritance  of  informaCon:  the  fuel  of  our  civilizaCon  

•  Other  closely  related  species  are  good  at  re-­‐invenCng  the  wheel  

•  Humans  are  a  lot  beTer  learning  through  inherited  informaCon—safes  a  lot  of  Cme.  

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CriCcal  thinking  is  the  key  to  evolve    

•  Learn  as  much  as  you  can  from  previous  experiences  

•  Judge  what  you  have  learned  and  innovate  

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Mountains  of  ideas:  Have  you  told  anyone??  

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•  What  is  a  scienCfic  paper?  – Wong  and  Wolfe  (2005).  – Wong,  S.  &  Wolfe,  K.H.  (2005)  Birth  of  a  metabolic  gene  cluster  in  yeast  by  adapCve  gene  relocaCon.  Nature  Gene*cs  37:777-­‐782.    

•  Publishing  a  paper  in  a  journal  is  a  formal  way  of  communicaCng  a  piece  of  scienCfic  work  to  other  scienCsts.  

•  The  paper  goes  through  a  process  of  ‘peer  review’  before  it  is  accepted  for  publicaCon.  

•  A  scienCst's  reputaCon  is  based  mainly  on  the  quality  and  influence  of  the  papers  they  publish.  

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There  are  thousands  of  journals,    and  a  pecking  order…  

1.  Nature  2.  Science  3.  Cell  …  …  50.  American  Journal  of  Human  Gene*cs  …  …  1000.  Interna*onal  Journal  of  Urology  …  5000.  Irish  Journal  of  Leprechomics  …    

 

Most  journals  are  published  monthly.  Some  are  weekly.  Nature  published  913  papers  in  2010.  

MulCdisciplinary,  widely  read  

more    specialised,  less  read.  

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“…  The  research  was  carried  out  by  Caen  University  in  France,  and  has  been  peer  reviewed  by  independent  scienCsts  to  guarantee  the  experiments  were  properly  conducted  and  the  results  are  valid.    The  study  –  led  by  molecular  biologist  Professor  Gilles-­‐Eric  Seralini,  a    criCc  of  GM  technology,  and  published  yesterday  in  US  journal  Food  and  Chemical  Toxicology  –  said  the  GM  corn  and  Roundup  weedkiller  ‘may  cause  hormonal  disturbances  in  the  same  biochemical  and  physiological  pathway’.      The  Daily  Mail’s  Frankenstein  Food  Watch  campaign  has  long  highlighted  problems  with  the  lack  of  rigorous  safety  assessments  for  GM  crops  and  food.  …"          

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The  peer  review  process    The  quality-­‐control  procedure  for  scienCfic  publicaCon.  It's  what  makes  scienCfic  publicaCon  different  from  the  Web.  Invented  in  1665  -­‐  Philosophical  Transac*ons  of  the  Royal  Society  of  London  

1665   2012  

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The  peer  review  process  Is  the  research  correct?  Is  it  new?  Is  it  interesCng  enough  for  this  journal?  

•  My  Ph.D.  student  María  Prats  did  some  research  and  discovered  something  interesCng.  I  suggested  the  original  idea  for  the  project  (?)  but  she  did  most  of  the  work.    (6  months)  

•  We  wrote  a  manuscript  reporCng  our  work.  María  and  I  are  the  authors.    (2  months)  

•  We  chose  to  submit  it  to  the  journal  Genome  Research.  

•  The  journal's  editor  sent  it  to  3  peer-­‐reviewers  who  wrote  anonymous  reports  about  the  work  (3  months).  The  reviewers  liked  it  but  asked  us  to  make  some  revisions  (2  months).    

•  Aqer  we  made  the  revisions,  the  editor  accepted  the  paper  for  publicaCon.    (Top  journals  reject  >90%  of  manuscripts  submiTed  to  them.)  

•  It  appeared  on  the  journal's  website  (1  month),  and  then  in  print  (1  month).    

•  The  paper  formed  part  of  María's  Ph.D.  thesis.  

 

•  The  PubMed  database  has  the  paper's  Abstract  and  a  link  to  the  full  text  PDF.  

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•  Began  life  as  Medline  in  1965  •  Now  20  million  journal  arCcles  •  Run  cooperaCvely  by  NCBI  and  journal  publishers  •  Free!  

"MEDLINE...will  henceforth  be  available  free  to  the  American  people."  With  those  words,  Vice  President    Al  Gore  inaugurated  the  PubMed  search  system  at  a  Capitol  Hill  press  conference  on  June  26,  1997.    "This  development...may  do  more  to  reform  and  improve  the  quality  of  health  care  in  the  United  States  than  anything  else  we’ve  done  in  a  long  Cme."    

PubMed  database  

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The  PubMed  ID  (PMID)  of    this  paper  is  22999595.  

Link  to  the  journal    and  (hopefully)  the  full  text  of  the  paper.  

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•  Some  journals  are  ‘open-­‐access’  and  are  free  to  read.  •  Others  require  TCD  to  have  a  subscripCon,  so  the  journal  website  needs  to  know  you  come  from  TCD.  

•  Works  automaCcally  from  campus,  but  from  home…  

•  See  www.tcd.ie/Library/using-­‐library/off-­‐campus.php  

•  Follow  the  instrucCons  under  "More  Advanced  InformaCon"  for  sevng  up  a  bookmarklet  (!)  

Accessing  full  text  PDFs  from  home  

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Searching  PubMed  (www.pubmed.org)  

Search  for  topic:  DNA  replicaCon      -­‐-­‐    finds  papers  with  these  2  words  anywhere  (abstract,  Ctle,  address,  etc)  “DNA  replicaCon”  –  finds  papers  with  this  phrase  anywhere  “DNA  replicaCon”  [TITLE]  –  finds  papers  with  this  phrase  in  the  Ctle    ReplicaCon[TITLE]  NOT  “DNA  replicaCon”[TITLE]    Search  for  author:  Mitchell  KJ      (iniCals  go  aqer  surname)  Coli  [AUTHOR]    (only  searches  the  author  field)    Combining  terms:  (Wolfe  K[AUTHOR]  AND  2012[PDAT])  OR  (bicycle[TITLE]  NOT  2005:2010[PDAT])    [PDAT]  means  publicaCon  date.  Results  are  listed  in  date  order  (most  recent  first)  unless  you  change  it.  

       

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2  types  of  scienCfic  paper  

•  Primary  research  arCcles  – Somebody  reports  on  experiments  they  did.  

 •  Review  arCcles  – Somebody  reviews  the  current  state  of  knowledge  on  a  topic.  

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“Related”  papers  in  PubMed  

PubMed  finds  related  arCcles  based  on  sharing  of  rare  words  in  the  Abstract.    ISI  Web  of  Knowledge  and  Google  Scholar  also  provide  other  ways  of  finding  related  arCcles.  

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CitaCons  –  how  to  search  forwards  in  Cme  

•  A  paper  published  in  2012  can  only  cite  references  published  before  2012.  

•  But  it  will  be  cited  by  other  papers  in  2013,  2014…  •  So  if  you’re  interested  in  paper  X,  you  will  probably  also  be  

interested  in  newer  papers  that  cite  paper  X.  

•  2  citaCon  databases:  –  ISI  “Web  of  Knowledge”  -­‐    wokinfo.com  (only  on  TCD  campus;  click  ‘subscriber  login’).  

–  Google  scholar  –  scholar.google.com  

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Exercise  1  •  Hereditary  hemochromatosis  (HH)  is  the  most  common  geneCc  disease  in  

Ireland,  and  is  primarily  caused  by  mutaCons  in  a  gene  called  HFE.  

•  Use  PubMed  to  find:  

1.  A  review  arCcle  about  hemochromatosis.  2.  A  paper  about  hemochromatosis  mutaCons  in  Ireland.  3.  The  most  common  mutaCon  in  HFE  worldwide.  4.  An  esCmate  of  the  allele  frequency  of  this  mutant  HFE  allele  in  Ireland.    Use  the  ISI  Web  of  Science  to  find  papers  that  cite  the  paper  you  found  in  #2.      

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Exercise  2  •  Find  the  paper  with  PubMed  ID  (PMID)  2612226  (just  type  this  number  into  

the  PubMed  search  box).    The  senior  author  is  Jan  Fallingborg.  

•  Read  its  Abstract  quickly.  

•  Find  ‘related  arCcles’  in  PubMed  and  read  the  abstract  of  the  top  hit.  

•  Search  for  other  papers  by  A.  Jendryczko,  and  look  at  their  "related  papers",  e.g….  –  PMID:  8350969    –  PMID:  8529935  –  PMID:  2731590    

Do  a  Google  search  for  Andrzej  Jendryczko  to  find  out  what  happened.  

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Exercise  3  •  James  D.  Watson  and  Francis  H.  C.  Crick  reported  the  double-­‐helix  structure  in  1953  in  

a  paper  in  Nature,  called  "Molecular  structure  of  nucleic  acids  -­‐  a  structure  for  deoxyribose  nucleic  acid".  

•  Use  the  ISI  Web  of  Knowledge  to  find  the  paper.  What  are  its  volume  and  page  numbers?  

•  How  many  references  does  the  Watson  &  Crick  paper  cite?  •  How  many  papers  cite  the  Watson  &  Crick  (1953)  paper?  

 You  can  look  at  citaCons  of  all  the  papers  wriTen  by  a  parCcular  author  by  searching  for  

their  name  and  clicking  "create  citaCon  report".  Try  these  people:  

 James  D.  Watson    Stephen  F.  Altschul  (author  of  BLAST)    Kary  Mullis  (inventor  of  PCR  –  polymerase  chain  reacCon)      Some  of  your  lecturers!