LECTURE’1’ literature’ - bioinf.gen.tcd.iebioinf.gen.tcd.ie › ... › Lecture1.pdf ·...
Transcript of LECTURE’1’ literature’ - bioinf.gen.tcd.iebioinf.gen.tcd.ie › ... › Lecture1.pdf ·...
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LECTURE 1 literature
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GE3M11 Genomics – Mario A. Fares
Lecture 1 – literature databases
NCBI PubMed Science CitaCon Index / WOS
Google scholar
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The Power of InformaCon
• An idea is an abstract process based on informaCon
• Ideas based on informaCon lead to innovaCons
• InnovaCon fuels our progress, ergo informaCon is the source of civilizaCon
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Inheritance of informaCon: the fuel of our civilizaCon
• Other closely related species are good at re-‐invenCng the wheel
• Humans are a lot beTer learning through inherited informaCon—safes a lot of Cme.
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CriCcal thinking is the key to evolve
• Learn as much as you can from previous experiences
• Judge what you have learned and innovate
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Mountains of ideas: Have you told anyone??
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• What is a scienCfic paper? – Wong and Wolfe (2005). – Wong, S. & Wolfe, K.H. (2005) Birth of a metabolic gene cluster in yeast by adapCve gene relocaCon. Nature Gene*cs 37:777-‐782.
• Publishing a paper in a journal is a formal way of communicaCng a piece of scienCfic work to other scienCsts.
• The paper goes through a process of ‘peer review’ before it is accepted for publicaCon.
• A scienCst's reputaCon is based mainly on the quality and influence of the papers they publish.
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There are thousands of journals, and a pecking order…
1. Nature 2. Science 3. Cell … … 50. American Journal of Human Gene*cs … … 1000. Interna*onal Journal of Urology … 5000. Irish Journal of Leprechomics …
Most journals are published monthly. Some are weekly. Nature published 913 papers in 2010.
MulCdisciplinary, widely read
more specialised, less read.
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“… The research was carried out by Caen University in France, and has been peer reviewed by independent scienCsts to guarantee the experiments were properly conducted and the results are valid. The study – led by molecular biologist Professor Gilles-‐Eric Seralini, a criCc of GM technology, and published yesterday in US journal Food and Chemical Toxicology – said the GM corn and Roundup weedkiller ‘may cause hormonal disturbances in the same biochemical and physiological pathway’. The Daily Mail’s Frankenstein Food Watch campaign has long highlighted problems with the lack of rigorous safety assessments for GM crops and food. …"
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The peer review process The quality-‐control procedure for scienCfic publicaCon. It's what makes scienCfic publicaCon different from the Web. Invented in 1665 -‐ Philosophical Transac*ons of the Royal Society of London
1665 2012
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The peer review process Is the research correct? Is it new? Is it interesCng enough for this journal?
• My Ph.D. student María Prats did some research and discovered something interesCng. I suggested the original idea for the project (?) but she did most of the work. (6 months)
• We wrote a manuscript reporCng our work. María and I are the authors. (2 months)
• We chose to submit it to the journal Genome Research.
• The journal's editor sent it to 3 peer-‐reviewers who wrote anonymous reports about the work (3 months). The reviewers liked it but asked us to make some revisions (2 months).
• Aqer we made the revisions, the editor accepted the paper for publicaCon. (Top journals reject >90% of manuscripts submiTed to them.)
• It appeared on the journal's website (1 month), and then in print (1 month).
• The paper formed part of María's Ph.D. thesis.
• The PubMed database has the paper's Abstract and a link to the full text PDF.
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• Began life as Medline in 1965 • Now 20 million journal arCcles • Run cooperaCvely by NCBI and journal publishers • Free!
"MEDLINE...will henceforth be available free to the American people." With those words, Vice President Al Gore inaugurated the PubMed search system at a Capitol Hill press conference on June 26, 1997. "This development...may do more to reform and improve the quality of health care in the United States than anything else we’ve done in a long Cme."
PubMed database
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The PubMed ID (PMID) of this paper is 22999595.
Link to the journal and (hopefully) the full text of the paper.
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• Some journals are ‘open-‐access’ and are free to read. • Others require TCD to have a subscripCon, so the journal website needs to know you come from TCD.
• Works automaCcally from campus, but from home…
• See www.tcd.ie/Library/using-‐library/off-‐campus.php
• Follow the instrucCons under "More Advanced InformaCon" for sevng up a bookmarklet (!)
Accessing full text PDFs from home
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Searching PubMed (www.pubmed.org)
Search for topic: DNA replicaCon -‐-‐ finds papers with these 2 words anywhere (abstract, Ctle, address, etc) “DNA replicaCon” – finds papers with this phrase anywhere “DNA replicaCon” [TITLE] – finds papers with this phrase in the Ctle ReplicaCon[TITLE] NOT “DNA replicaCon”[TITLE] Search for author: Mitchell KJ (iniCals go aqer surname) Coli [AUTHOR] (only searches the author field) Combining terms: (Wolfe K[AUTHOR] AND 2012[PDAT]) OR (bicycle[TITLE] NOT 2005:2010[PDAT]) [PDAT] means publicaCon date. Results are listed in date order (most recent first) unless you change it.
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2 types of scienCfic paper
• Primary research arCcles – Somebody reports on experiments they did.
• Review arCcles – Somebody reviews the current state of knowledge on a topic.
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“Related” papers in PubMed
PubMed finds related arCcles based on sharing of rare words in the Abstract. ISI Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar also provide other ways of finding related arCcles.
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CitaCons – how to search forwards in Cme
• A paper published in 2012 can only cite references published before 2012.
• But it will be cited by other papers in 2013, 2014… • So if you’re interested in paper X, you will probably also be
interested in newer papers that cite paper X.
• 2 citaCon databases: – ISI “Web of Knowledge” -‐ wokinfo.com (only on TCD campus; click ‘subscriber login’).
– Google scholar – scholar.google.com
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Exercise 1 • Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is the most common geneCc disease in
Ireland, and is primarily caused by mutaCons in a gene called HFE.
• Use PubMed to find:
1. A review arCcle about hemochromatosis. 2. A paper about hemochromatosis mutaCons in Ireland. 3. The most common mutaCon in HFE worldwide. 4. An esCmate of the allele frequency of this mutant HFE allele in Ireland. Use the ISI Web of Science to find papers that cite the paper you found in #2.
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Exercise 2 • Find the paper with PubMed ID (PMID) 2612226 (just type this number into
the PubMed search box). The senior author is Jan Fallingborg.
• Read its Abstract quickly.
• Find ‘related arCcles’ in PubMed and read the abstract of the top hit.
• Search for other papers by A. Jendryczko, and look at their "related papers", e.g…. – PMID: 8350969 – PMID: 8529935 – PMID: 2731590
Do a Google search for Andrzej Jendryczko to find out what happened.
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Exercise 3 • James D. Watson and Francis H. C. Crick reported the double-‐helix structure in 1953 in
a paper in Nature, called "Molecular structure of nucleic acids -‐ a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid".
• Use the ISI Web of Knowledge to find the paper. What are its volume and page numbers?
• How many references does the Watson & Crick paper cite? • How many papers cite the Watson & Crick (1953) paper?
You can look at citaCons of all the papers wriTen by a parCcular author by searching for
their name and clicking "create citaCon report". Try these people:
James D. Watson Stephen F. Altschul (author of BLAST) Kary Mullis (inventor of PCR – polymerase chain reacCon) Some of your lecturers!