Lecture+8+ +Emotion+and+Cognition+1

8/13/2019 Lecture+8+ +Emotion+and+Cognition+1

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REMINDER:

P LEASE TURN OFF YOUR PHONES


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P SYCHOLOGY OF E MOTION :

EMOTION

AND

COGNITION

1 Wesley G. Moons, Ph.D.

University of California, Davis

Department of Psychology


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A PPRAISAL T HEORY

! Appraisals! Assessments of a situation/stimulus! Precursor to emotional experience

! Unconstrained models! Unlimited variations of appraisals

! Different types of appraisals specific to each situation! No consistent appraisals associated with any specific emotion

! Drawbacks! Slow process! Cognitively elaborate and exhausting

! Occams razor! Proposed by Father William of Ockham! Also called parsimony

! Newtons Version! We are to admit no more causes of natural things than

such as are both true and sufficient to explain theirappearances.


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A LTERNATIVE A PPRAISAL M ODELS ! Smith & Ellsworth Model

! Appraisals lead to emotions! Dimensional perspective

! Appraisal Dimensions1. Attention2. Certainty3. Control-Coping4. Pleasantness5. Perceived Obstacle6. Responsibility

7.

Legitimacy8. Anticipated Effort

! Dimensional Models! Patterns of dimensions associated with emotion! But how many dimensions are there?


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A PPRAISAL S EQUENCES ! When appraisals give rise to emotional experience

! Different types of appraisals occur

! Most likely temporal sequence

1. Primary appraisal! Automatic, uncontrollable, brief assessment of situation

2. Possible physiological response! If threat/problem detected primary appraisals trigger bodily response! If no threat/problem detected then no bodily response necessary

3. Secondary appraisal! More deliberate, more controlled, more extensive! Can amplify or diminish initial response triggered by primary

appraisal


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A PPRAISAL T ENDENCIES

! Mutual causality1. Appraisals lead to emotions2. Emotions lead to appraisals


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T YPES OF E MOTION

! Different emotional influences on judgment anddecision-making

! Integral emotions! Emotion is elicited as part of the judgment or decision task

! e.g., Deciding whether to convict someone or not

! Incidental emotion! Emotion is elicited first by something irrelevant to the

judgment or decision task! e.g., Arguing with a spouse and then needing to make

an investment decision

! Often incidental emotion is examined because:! Explains emotion effects across many decision contexts! Makes stronger case for irrational influences of

emotion


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A PPRAISAL T ENDENCY E FFECTS

! Emotions exert effects on cognition! Via emotion-specific appraisals! Allows more precise predictions (beyond valence)

! Life outcomes (Lerner & Keltner, 2000)! Subjects predict risk of various outcomes

! e.g., brain cancer, strokes, floods

! Comparison of:! Fear (low certainty, low control)! Anger (high certainty, high control)

! Anger (vs. fear) associated with more favorable outlook! True for state affect and dispositional affect


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MORE A PPRAISAL -B ASED P REDICTIONS

! Information processing:! Extent to which information is considered and

evaluated

! Appraisal predictions (Tiedens & Linton, 2001)! Appraisals induced by emotions

! Focus on appraisals of certainty! Indicator of sufficient knowledge/information

! Finding:! More certainty decreases information processing


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E MOTIONS AND A CTION T ENDENCIES ! Emotions associated with particular motivations

and behavioral tendencies (Lazarus, 1991)! Anger Desire to punish! Disgust Desire to purge!

Sadness Desire to improve emotional state

! Behavioral tendencies related to appraisals! Patterns of cognitive appraisals (e.g., control) likely

underlie behavioral tendencies

! Action tendencies also associated with judgment anddecision-making! Such as economic decisions


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BEHAVIORAL T ENDENCIES AND E CONOMICS ! One robust finding is the endowment effect

! Sell our own item at a higher cost than what wed pay to acquire that item! Can emotions change peoples buying/selling judgments and decisions?

! Study (Lerner, Small, & Loewenstein, 2004)! Condition 1: Participants given an item that they can sell! Condition 2: Participants can buy that same item! Decision task: At what price are they willing to sell (C1) or buy (C2) that

item?

! Hypotheses! Disgust Motivated to purge oneself of old and new items! Sadness Motivated to change current situation

! Results! Disgusted people sold their own item at lower prices and only bought newstuff at lower prices

! Sad people willing to sell their own item at lower price and willing to paymore to acquire new item


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A FFECTIVE O RGANIZATION OF M EMORY ! Memory organized by valence

! Negative memories more strongly linked! Positive memories more strongly linked

! Mood congruency effect (Bower, 1981)! Participants hypnotized

! Induced good mood or bad mood

! Results1. Mood congruency in recall (words, diary events,

and childhood events)1. Emotion influenced free associations, fantasies,

perceptions, and snap judgments of others personalities

2. People attended to and better remembered mood-congruent information from a story


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MOOD C ONGRUENCY M ECHANISM

! Associative network! Organization of valenced information! THEORETICAL models (links and nodes):

! Spreading Activation! Activations of closely linked node! Increased accessibility of linked information

Corpse

Coffin Funeral

Family

Friends

Food

CryingDeath


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A FFECT IN A SSOCIATIVE N ETWORKS

! One possibility: Link strength

! A second possibility: Level of Interconnectivity

Corpse (-)

Funeral (-)Family (+)

Corpse

FuneralFamily

(-)

(+)


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A FFECT AND C REATIVITY

! Activity! Free associate with word:

1. Carpet2. Chair

! Broaden and build model (Fredrickson, 1998)! Positive affect allows for secure exploration! Increased associations (flexibility)

! More innovative solutions! Candle problem (creativity problem)

! Candle, book of matches, box of thumbtacks! Affix candle to corkboard

! No wax can fall on table


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T HE E ND !

Lecture+8+ +Emotion+and+Cognition+1

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