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MORPHOLOGICAL

PROCESSES

LIGN101 - INTRO TO THE STUDY OF

LANGUAGE

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pop question

True (A) or False (B): A word cannot have both prefixes and

suffixes

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pop questionThe morphological process that turns dedicate into

dedication is:

A) inflectional

B) derivational

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pop questionsWhich of the following is NOT a function morpheme:

A) for

B) to (as in to walk)

C) un-

D) them

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morphological processes

affixation

prefixes, suffixes, and infixes

prefixes

In English, all prefixes are derivational

un-, in-, re-, ex-

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morphological processes

affixation

prefixes, suffixes, and infixes

suffixes

inflectional or derivational in English

-er(builder), -ed (slowed), -est(proudest)

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morphological processes

affixation

prefixes, suffixes, and infixes

infixes

rare in English, but we do have infixation

rifuckingdiculous, unfuckingbelievable

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morphological processes

affixation

prefixes, suffixes, and infixes

infixes

Tagalog

sulat(write) - s-um-ulat(to write)

bili(buy) -b-um-ili(to buy)

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compounding

combination of multiple root morphemes

free + free : girlfriend, blackbird, chalkboard

free + bound: cranberry

primary stress on first word

blckbird vs. blck brd

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reduplication

Total

English: friend-friend, like-like

Indonesian:rumah (house),rumahrumah (houses)

Partial

Tagalog:bili(buy), will buy(bibili)

reduplicated part called reduplicant

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alternation

Sound segment within a root changes to signal change inmeaning

woman - women

ring - rang

swim - swam - swum

break - broke

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suppletion

Meaning-related words do not have clear form relationship

is/wasgood/better/best

go/went

undergo/underwent

Rarer than other types of processes, usually limited to very

frequent words/meanings

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language types

Languages differ w.r.t. which of these processes they use

some use many or all

some use none of these!

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language types

all languages

synthetic isolating/analytic

agglutinating fusional polysynthetic

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analytic languages

Languages that do not use morphological processes to buildcomplex words are calledanalytic orisolating

words consist of single morphemes

grammatical information comes from separate words

word order carries a lot of importance

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language types

Chinese (Mandarin):

[ta laj] - He comes

[ta laj l] - He has come

[ta tsw fan] - He makes food

[ta tsw fan l] - He has made food

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analytic languages

Mandarin

[w mn tan tin]

[w mn tan tin l]

I plural play piano

I plural play piano past

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synthetic languages

Common properties:morphemes combine to form complex words

grammatical functions may be marked by word form

word order freer

single-word concepts in synthetic languages may map

to combinations of multiple words in analytic languages

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agglutinating languagesType of synthetic language

morpheme stacking

boundaries between morphemes are clear

morphemes glued together

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agglutinating

Hungarian

[haz-unk-bn]

in our house

[haz-od-bn]

in your house

house-our-in

house-your-in

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fusional

Another synthetic languagemorphemes combine with a root

bound morpheme fuses with root

boundaries harder to detect

examples: German, Spanish, Russian

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fusional

Spanish

hablo - I am speaking

habla - S/he is speaking

hable - I spoke

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fusional

Single morphemes often carry more meaning than a single

morpheme does in agglutinating languages

Russian

[titajt] - s/he is reading

[tital] - he was reading

[jt] - 3rd person singular present

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polysynthetic

Highly complex words produced by combining stems & affixes

Inuktitut

Qasuiirsarvigssarsingitluinarnarpuq

qasur -iir -sar -vig -ssar -si -ngit -luinar -nar -puq

tired not cause-to-be place-for suitable find not completely s.o. 3SG

Someone did not find a completely suitable resting place

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language types

all languages

synthetic isolating/analytic

agglutinating fusional polysynthetic

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allomorphsIn phonology, we saw that two allophones can be variants ofthe same phoneme

morphology has a similar notion

allomorphs

imbalance

inability

incomplete

irresponsible

allomorphs of the

same morpheme!