lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental...

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Computer Networks: Architecture and Protocols CS4450 Lecture 5 - Three Architectural Principles - Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal

Transcript of lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental...

Page 1: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

ComputerNetworks:ArchitectureandProtocols

CS4450

Lecture5-ThreeArchitecturalPrinciples

-DesignGoals

Spring2018RachitAgarwal

Page 2: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Announcements

• Youhavebeenagreatclasssofar• Mostofyouarequietandpayingattention

• Youaregivinggreatanswers!• Evenmoreimportantly,youareaskinggreatquestions!

• Thankyou!

• Admin:

• Theofficehoursareposted,andareon!• Weareonschedule:

• ProblemSet1isposted!

• Solutionswillbereleasedin1week.

• Remember:in-classquizzescanhappenatanytime

Page 3: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

MoreAnnouncements

• Threequestions:• Doanyofyouconsideryourselfh4x0r?• Doyoufeellikeyouhavetoomuchtimeinyourlife?

• Wouldyouliketogetexposedtonetworkingresearch?

• Ifyes,talktome—Iamwillingtotakeontwoundergradresearchers

Page 4: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

ContextforToday’sLecture

• Sofar,wehavediscussedseveralhigh-levelconcepts• Networksharing• End-to-endworkingoftheInternet• Addressing,Routing,Switch/Routerfunctionality,etc.

• And,havediveddeepintoseveraltopics:• Circuitswitchingandpacketswitching(especiallythe“why”)• Delays(transmission,propagation,queueing)

• Youknowmoreaboutcomputernetworksthanyoumayrealize!

• Today:Laythefoundationforrestofthecourse

Page 5: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

GoalsforToday’sLecture

• Threearchitecturalprinciples:• Layering• End-to-endprinciple• FateSharingprinciple

• Designgoalsforcomputernetworks:

• Eightofthem

• Wewillcomebacktotheseoverandoveragain

• Almosteverylectureinthesemester

• Beforewestart,letmeoutrightlyadmit….

• FirsttimeIlearntthese,Isaid—whatthe@#$%….

• …thereareeasierwaystotorturestudents!• Now,thesehavebecometheguidingprinciplesofmycareer!

Page 6: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Quickrecapfromlastlecture

Page 7: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Locatingthedestination:Naming,addressing

• MappingofnamestoaddressesusingDomainNameSystem

• Findingapathtothedestination:Routing• Distributedalgorithmthatcomputesandstoresroutingtables

• Sendingdatatothedestination:Forwarding• Inputqueues,virtualoutputqueues,outputqueues• Enablers:Packetheader(address),androutingtable(outgoinglink)• Queueingdelay:dependenton“networkload”

• Reliability:Failurehandling• Notmuchdiscussion,butthequestion:hostsornetworks?

Recap:fourfundamentalproblems!

Page 8: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Recap:thefinalpieceinthestory—Hostnetworkstack

OfSocketsandPorts

• Whenaprocesswantsaccesstothenetwork,itopensasocket,whichisassociatedwithaport

• Socket:anOSmechanismthatconnectsprocessestothenetworkingstack

• Port:numberthatidentifiesthatparticularsocket

• TheportnumberisusedbytheOStodirectincomingpackets

Page 9: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Applicationopensasocketthatallowsittoconnecttothenetworkstack

• MapsnameofthewebsitetoitsaddressusingDNS

• Thenetworkstackatthesourceembedstheaddressandportforboththesourceandthedestinationinpacketheader

• Eachrouterconstructsaroutingtableusingadistributedalgorithm

• Eachrouterusesdestinationaddressinthepacketheadertolookuptheoutgoinglinkintheroutingtable

• Andwhenthelinkisfree,forwardsthepacket

• Whenapacketarrivesthedestination:

• Thenetworkstackatthedestinationusestheporttoforwardthepackettotherightapplication

Recap:theend-to-endstory

Page 10: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Questions?

Page 11: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

ThreeArchitecturalPrinciples

Page 12: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Howtobreaksystemintomodules?

• Classicdecompositionintotasks

• Wherearemodulesimplemented?

• Hosts?• Routers?• Both?

• Whereisstatestored?

• Hosts?• Routers?• Both?

NetworkModularityDecisions

Page 13: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Howtobreaksystemintomodules

• Layering

• Wherearemodulesimplemented

• End-to-EndPrinciple

• Whereisstatestored?• Fate-Sharing

Leadstothreedesignprinciples

Page 14: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Layering

Page 15: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Bitsonwire

• Packetsonwire

• Deliverpacketstohostsacrosslocalnetwork

• Deliverpacketstohostacrossnetworks

• Deliverpacketsreliably,tocorrectprocess

• Dosomethingwiththedata

Breakdownend-to-endfunctionalityintotasks

Page 16: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Bitsonwire

• Packetsonwire

• Deliverpacketstohostsacrosslocalnetwork

• Deliverpacketstohostacrossnetworks

• Deliverpacketsreliably,tocorrectprocess

• Dosomethingwiththedata

Breakdownend-to-endfunctionalityintotasks

Page 17: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Bitsonwire(Physical)

• Packetsonwire

• Deliverpacketstohostsacrosslocalnetwork(Datalink)

• Deliverpacketstohostacrossnetworks(Network)

• Deliverpacketsreliably,tocorrectprocess(Transport)

• Dosomethingwiththedata(Application)

ResultingModules(Layers)

Page 18: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Application:Providingnetworksupportforapps

• Transport(L4):(Reliable)end-to-enddelivery

• Network(L3):Routing

• Datalink(L2):Localdelivery(forwarding)

• Physical(L1):Bitsonwire

FiveLayers(Top-Down)

Page 19: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Akindofmodularity

• Functionalityseparatedintolayers• Layerninterfaceswithonlylayern-1andlayern+1

• Hidescomplexityofsurroundinglayers

Layering

Builtontopofreliabledelivery

Builtontopofbest-effortforwarding

Builtontopofbest-effortrouting

Builtontopofphysicalbittransfer

Page 20: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Anend-to-endviewofthelayers

• Application:Providingnetworksupportforapps• Transport(L4):(Reliable)end-to-enddelivery• Network(L3):Routing• Datalink(L2):Localdelivery(forwarding)• Physical(L1):Bitsonwire

Whydoesthepacketgoallthewaytonetworklayerateachhop?

Page 21: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Questions?

Page 22: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Howtobreaksystemintomodules?

• Layering

• Wherearemodulesimplemented?

• End-to-EndPrinciple

• Whereisstatestored?

• Fate-Sharing

ThreeInternetDesignPrinciples

Page 23: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Layersaresimpleifonlyonasinglemachine

• Juststackofmodulesinteractingwiththoseabove/below

• Butweneedtoimplementlayersacrossmachines

• Hosts• Routers/switches

• Whatgetsimplementedwhere?Andwhy?

DistributingLayersacrossNetwork

Page 24: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Bitsarriveonwire,mustmakeituptoapplication

• Therefore,alllayersmustexistathost!

WhatgetsimplementedonHost?

Page 25: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Bitsarriveonwire• Physicallayernecessary

• Packetsmustbeforwardedtonextrouter/switch

• Datalinklayernecessary

• Routersparticipateinglobaldelivery• Networklayernecessary

• Routersdonotsupportreliabledelivery• Transportlayer(andabove)notsupported• Why?

WhatgetsimplementedonRouter?

Page 26: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Lowerthreelayersimplementedeverywhere

• Toptwolayersonlyimplementedathosts

Visualizingwhatgetsimplementedwhere

Endhost

Router/switch

Page 27: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Layeringdoesn'ttellyouwhatserviceseachlayershouldprovide

• Whatisaneffectivedivisionofresponsibilitybetweenvariouslayers?

Butwhyimplementedthisway?

Page 28: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Ifafuncdoncancompletelyandcorrectlybeimplementedonlywiththeknowledgeandhelpoftheapplicadonstandingattheendpointsofthecommunicadonsystem,

thenprovidingthatfuncdonasafeatureofthecommunicadonsystemitselfisnotpossible.

Somedmesprovidinganincompleteversionofthatfuncdonasafeatureofthecommunicadonsystemitselfmaybeusefulasaperformanceenhancement.

End-to-endPrinciple

Page 29: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

End-to-endPrinciple:anexample

• Supposeeachlinklayertransmissionisreliable

• Doesthatensureend-to-end(application-to-application)reliability?

• Supposenetworklayerisreliable• Doesthatensureend-to-end(application-to-application)reliability?

Page 30: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Ifafuncdoncancompletelyandcorrectlybeimplementedonlywiththeknowledgeandhelpoftheapplicadonstandingattheendpointsofthecommunicadonsystem,

thenprovidingthatfuncdonasafeatureofthecommunicadonsystemitselfisnotpossible.

Somedmesprovidinganincompleteversionofthatfuncdonasafeatureofthecommunicadonsystemitselfmaybeusefulasaperformanceenhancement.

End-to-endPrinciple:letsreadagain

Page 31: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Assumethecondidon(IF)holds.Then,

• End-to-endimplementation• Correct• Generalized,andsimplifieslowerlayers

• In-networkimplementation• Insufficient• Mayhelp—orhurt—performance

End-to-endPrinciple(Interpretation)

Page 32: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Whatdoestheendmean?

End-to-endPrinciple(Interpretation)

Page 33: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Everyoneknowswhatitis• So,youmust!

• Everyonebelievesit• So,youmust!

• Nobodyknowswhatitmeans

• Wearealldoomedanyways.

End-to-endPrinciple(Threethingstoknow)

Page 34: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Questions?

Page 35: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Howtobreaksystemintomodules?

• Layering

• Wherearemodulesimplemented?

• End-to-EndPrinciple

• Whereisthestatestored?

• Fate-sharing

ThreeInternetDesignPrinciples

Page 36: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Notethattheend-to-endprinciplereliedon“fate-sharing”• Invariantsonlybreakwhenendpointsthemselvesbreak

• Minimizethedependenceonothernetworkelements

• Thisshoulddictateplacementofstate

Fate-Sharing

Page 37: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Whenstoringstateinadistributedsystem,colocateitwithentitiesthatrelyonthatstate

• Onlywayfailurecancauselossofthecriticalstateisiftheentitythatcaresaboutitalsofails…• …inwhichcaseitdoesn’tmatter

• Oftenarguesforkeepingnetworkstateatendhostsratherthaninsiderouters• E.g.,packetswitchingratherthancircuitswitching

GeneralPrinciple:Fate-Sharing

Page 38: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Questions?

Page 39: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Howtobreaksystemintomodules

• Dictatedbylayering

• Wheremodulesareimplemented

• DictatedbyEnd-to-EndPrinciple

• Wherestateisstored

• DictatedbyFateSharing

DecisionsandtheirPrinciples

Page 40: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

FromArchitecturetoDesign:

DesignGoals

Page 41: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Wroteapaperin1988thattriedtocapturewhytheInternetturnedoutasitdid

• Itdescribedanorderedlistofprioritiesthatinformedthedecision

• Whatdoyouthinkthoseprioritieswere?

DavidClark

Page 42: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Connectexistingnetworks

• Robustinfaceoffailures

• Supportmultipletypesofdeliveryservices

• Accommodateavarietyofnetworks

• Allowdistributedmanagement

• Easyhostattachment

• Costeffective

• Allowresourceaccountability

InternetDesignGoals(Clark’88)

Page 43: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Wantoneprotocolthatcouldbeusedtoconnectanypairof(existing)networks

• Differentnetworksmayhavedifferentneeds

• Forsome:reliabledeliverymoreimportant

• Forothers:performancemoreimportant

• Butthereisoneneedthateverynetworkhas:connectivity

• TheInternetProtocol(IP)isthatunifyingprotocol• All(existing)networksmustbeabletoimplementit

#1:ConnectExistingNetworks

Page 44: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Aslongasnetworkisnotpartitioned,twohostsshouldbeabletocommunicate(eventually)

• Musteventuallyrecoverfromfailures

• Verysuccessfulinthepast;unclearhowrelevantnow• Availabilityisbecomingincreasinglyimportantthanrecovery

#2:RobustinFaceofFailures

Page 45: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Differentdeliveryservices(applications)shouldbeabletoco-exist

• Alreadyimpliesanapplication-neutralframework

• Buildlowestcommondenominatorservice

• Again:connectivity• Applicationsthatneedreliabilitymayuseit

• Applicationsthatdonotneedreliabilitycanignoreit

• Thisisn’tasobviousasitseems…

• Whatwouldapplicationsin2050need?

#3:SupportMultipleTypesofDeliveryServices

Page 46: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Questions?

Page 47: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Mustbeabletosupportdifferentnetworkswithdifferenthardware

• Incrediblysuccessful!• Minimalrequirementsonnetworks

• Noneedforreliability,in-order,fixedsizepackets,etc.• Aresultofaimingforlowestcommondenominator

• Again:Focusonconnectivity• Letnetworksdospecificimplementationsforotherfunctionalities

• Automaticallyadapt:WiFi,LTE,3G,4G,5G….

#4:VarietyofNetworks

Page 48: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Noneedtohaveasingle“vantage”pointtomanagenetworks

• Bothacurseandablessing• Importantforeasydeployment

• Makesmanagementhardtoday

• Recenteffortshaveimprovedmanagementofindividualnetworks

• ButnoattempttomanagetheInternetasawhole…

• Whatmightmakethiscomplex?

#5:DecentralizedManagement

Page 49: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Themechanismthatallowshoststoattachtonetworksmustbemadeaseasyaspossible,butnoeasier

• Clarkobservesthatcostofhostattachmentmaybehigherbecausehostshadtobesmart

• Buttheadministrativecostofaddinghostsisverylow,whichisprobablymoreimportant

• Plug-and-playkindofbehavior…

• Andnowmosthostsaresmartforotherreasons• Sothecostisactuallyminimal…

#6:EasyHostAttachment

Page 50: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Makenetworksascheapaspossible,butnocheaper

• Cheaperthancircuitswitchingatlowend

• Moreexpensivethancircuitswitchingathighend

• Notabadcompromise:

• Cheapwhereitcounts(low-end)• Moreexpensiveforthosewhocanpay…

#7:CostEffective

Page 51: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Eachnetworkelementmustbemadeaccountableforitsresourceusage

• Failure!

#8:ResourceAccountability

Page 52: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

“Werejectkings,presidentsandvoting.Webelieveinroughconsensusandrunningcode.”

--DavidClark

InternetMotto

Page 53: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Buildsomethingthatworks

• Connectexistingnetworks

• Robustinfaceoffailures

• Supportmultipletypesofdeliveryservice

• Accommodateavarietyofnetworks

• Allowdistributedmanagement

• Easyhostattachment

• Costeffective

• Allowresourceaccountability

RealGoals

Page 54: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Whatgoalsaremissingfromthislist?

• Suggestions?

• Whatwouldtheresultingdesignlooklike?

Questionstothinkabout

Page 55: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Performance

• Security• Resiliencetoattacks(denial-of-service)• Endpointsecurity• Trackingdownmisbehavingusers

• Privacy

• Availability

• Resourcesharing(fairness,etc.)

• ISP-levelconcerns• Economicissuesofinterconnection

Someofthemissingissues

Page 56: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

Questions?

Page 57: lecture05-principles-goals- Design Goals Spring 2018 Rachit Agarwal. ... Recap: four fundamental problems! Recap: the final piece in the story — Host network stack Of Sockets and

• Beginningof“Designofcomputernetworks”

• StartwithLayer1andLayer2• Physicalbits(verylittle)• Localbest-effortforwarding• Lotofinterestingaspects• Lotofgroupactivities• …

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