In the Name of God,The Compassionate,

The Merciful

Dr. Sayed Inseram Ali.

B.Sc. ( Hons ), M.Sc.; AACC, ASMT, ASM, :

USA; R.M. CANADA; IFCC U.

K.

( 1 )- IMPORTANTANCE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: Immunology is the study of how the body protects itself against invading pathogens and harmful cells or substances.

The basic function of the immune system are to:• Protect the body from the harmful effects of viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens and their toxins.• Destroy abnormal cells which may formed in the body such as cancer cells.• Prevent the abnormal breakdown of the body's own tissues.

( 2 )- NATURAL AND ACQUIRED IMMUNITY. The body's immune mechanisms consist of :• Non-specific natural immunity.• Specific acquired immunity.

IMMUNITY :

Non – Specific.

•Mechanical Barriers.•Antimicrobial secretion.•Phagocytosis.•Killer Cells. ( Natural ).•Body Natural Microbial flora. •Genetic factors.

Specific (1) - Humoral or Cell- Mediated. (2)- Corporal Local Abs.

Active : (1) - Infection. (2) - Immunization

Vaccination. Passive : (1) - Transplacental

Breast Milk. (2) - Antitoxins Gamma globulins.

Antibodies :Antibodies are immunoglobulin's ( Ig ) which react specifically with antigens. Immunoglobulin's are composed of two types of polypeptide ( amino acid ) chains, i.e. heavy chains and light chains. They are classified by their heavy chains because these are different for each class of immunoglobulin as follows :

Ig G :Ig G is the main antibody which binds to foreign antigen at a later stage of a primary infection than Ig M and forms the rapid antibody response in repeated infection i.e. secondary response.

Ig M :Ig M provide the early but short - lived antibody response in a primary infection, and therefore rises in Ig M levels indicate present or recent infection.

Ig A :Ig A antibodies are found in secretions of the eye, nose, mouth, bronchi, and intestinal tract. They are locally active in neutralizing toxins and viruses, and assisting in phagocytosis.

Ig D :Ig D is normally present in the body in small amount. It is known to be active against food antigens and auto antigens of nuclear origin.

Ig E :Ig E, like Ig D, is also normally present in the body in very small amounts and is found in mucous membranes. Raised levels of Ig E are found in some intestinal parasitic infections and Allergic manifestation.

( 3 ) - NUTRITION AND DEFICIENCY DISORDERS: An intake of essential nutrients and water is required to sustain life and to keep the different systems of the body functioning well and in harmony.

( A ) - The following are required: •Carbohydrates and fats.•Protein.•Fiber.•Iron.•Other Mineral Salts.•Vitamins and Amino Acids.•Water.

( B ) - Importance of Breast Feeding a Baby. 

( C ) – Drugs and its abuses. ( D ) – Exposure to Natural Environment. ( E ) – Mental Stress.

Breast milk contains antibodies and other protective substances. It is a very nutritious food and is enough on its own for a baby's needs until the infant is about four months old. After this, breast milk is not enough and other food must be added to a baby's diet to provide extra calories and protein, as well as vitamins and minerals. If this is not done a child will not grow and develop normally and suffer from protein – energy malnutrition ( PEM ).

( 4 ) - SEROLOGICAL DIAGNOSTIC TEST PROCEDURES. ( A ) - LATEX.( B ) - HAEMAGLUTINATION.( C ) - JEL DIFFUSION.( D )- FLOURECENT TECHNIQUE.( E ) - ELISA.( F ) - RAPID TESTS ( monoclonal and polyclonal Abs. ) Diffusion.( G )- PCR. TECHNOLOGY.

( 5 ) - DIAGNOSTIC TEST REQUIREMENT.

SAMPLE:

S - SmallestA - Amount ofM - MaterialP - Provided toL - Laboratory forE - Evaluation.

( 6 ) – SAMPLE REQUIRMENT.

( a ).MACRO TESTING.( b ).MICRO TESTING.

 ( 7 ) – HOW TO INTERPERATE THE RESULTS.

A – BACTERIAL INFECTIONS. SALMONELLA.BRUCELLA.

B – VIRAL INFECTION. HEPATITIS, HIV, HSV, CMV, CHLAMYDIA,RUBELLA, ETC.

C – PROTOZOAL INFECTION. SHISTOSOMA, AMOEBA, TOXO.

 

( 8 ) - CONCCUSION.

1 - No Serological Negative test gives final diagnosis. Due to seropositive window.

2 - Low titre positive result should not be given final diagnosis till the follow up is done and confirmed. 3 - In some Bacterial, parasitological and viral infection IgG result should not be considered as final for treatment till IgM is done.

4 - A confirm positive result is taken as positive.

5 - Titre of positive test differs country wise due to prevalence of infection in that area specially food born infection and hygienic condition. 

Final Remark's:

An apple a day keeps the Doctor Away

But

If the Doctor is good and handsome keeps the sickness away. 

( Zain Lab in need is a Zain Lab indeed ).  END.

LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST ENJOY

DINNER.

LAST BUT NOT THE LEAST ENJOY

DINNER.

Sayed Inseram Ali, Technical Director

Zain Clinical Laboratory

PO Box # 803

Madinah, Saudi Arabia

Telephone: (9664) 5236361

Fax: (9664) 8251978