Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)
-
Upload
marilen-parungao -
Category
Documents
-
view
402 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)
![Page 1: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
FROM DNA TO PROTEINSwww.psmag.com
PART 3
![Page 2: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
michaelgray.org.uk
![Page 3: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
GENERAL PATHWAY PROKARYOTES vs EUKARYOTES
employees.csbsju.edu
![Page 4: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Prokaryotes vs EukaryotesProkaryote Eukaryote
Site of DNA Replication Protoplasm Nucleus
Site of Transcription Protoplasm Nucleus
Site of RNA Splicing Rare Nucleus
Site of Translation Protoplasm Cytoplasm
Site of Recombination Protoplasm Nucleus
![Page 5: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
GENERAL STEPS IN DNA REPLICATION
michaelgray.org.uk
![Page 6: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
DNA REPLICATIONSEMI-CONSERVATIVE
![Page 7: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
STEPSUnwinding & Strand Separation
Helicase will unwind the parental strands breaks the H-bonds between bases
SSBP (Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins)
attaches to separated strands and keep them from annealing back
![Page 8: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
STEPS
![Page 9: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
STEPSUnwinding & Strand Separation
Topoisomerase breaks and rejoins the DNA double helix to relieve twisting forced by the opening of the helix (supercoils) mol-biol4masters.masters.grkraj.org
![Page 10: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
STEPSPriming
Primase catalyzes synthesis of RNA primers RNA primers attach to specific site of DNA strand (ORI region)
Synthesis of New Strands Leading strand (Continuous): DNA polymerase III catalyzes synthesis of new DNA strands at 5’ to 3’ direction (as single polymer) and extends the leading strand
![Page 11: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
STEPS
![Page 12: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
STEPSSynthesis of New Strands
Lagging strand (Discontinuous): DNA polymerase III extends the Okazaki fragments DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers and replaces it with DNA
Sealing the nick DNA Ligase forms covalent bonds from 3’ to 5’ direction to join the Okazaki fragments into a continuous strand
![Page 13: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
STEPS
![Page 14: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
DNA REPLICATION: Prokaryotespulpbits.com
![Page 15: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
DNA REPLICATION: Eukaryotes
For VIDEOS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27TxKoFU2Nw
![Page 17: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
TELOMERASE AND GENE EROSION
TELOMERES: ends of the DNA each chromosome is one continuous double stranded length of DNA with 2 telomeres
The 3’ to 5’ parent strand is copied no trouble as the leading strand BUT the lagging strand (parent 5’ to 3’) has small primers made every so often and filled in NOTE: no template at the end to bind to so when the primers are removed there is an overhang and exposes the DNA to digestion which would eventually eat into the genes at the end (gene erosion)
![Page 18: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
TELOMERASE AND GENE EROSION
![Page 19: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
TELOMERASE AND GENE EROSION
![Page 20: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
QUESTIONS????
![Page 21: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION
![Page 22: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION
![Page 23: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
OVERVIEW OF TRANSCRIPTION & TRANSLATION
![Page 24: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
TRANSCRIPTIONProcess of copying DNA to RNA
NOTE: only one strand of DNA, the template strand, is used to make mRNA
Does not need a primer to start and can involve multiple RNA polymerases Divided into 3 stages
Initiation Elongation Termination
For VIDEOS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=WsofH466lqk
![Page 25: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
STEPS IN TRANSCRIPTION
![Page 27: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
STEPS IN TRANSCRIPTION
![Page 28: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
RNA POLYMERASERNA polymerase only transcribes one strand of the parental DNA molecule (the template strand) in the 3' to 5' direction
RNA polymerase will never add a T, instead it will add a U
Transcription ceases when RNA polymerase encounters special DNA sequences termed terminators that stop the process of transcription
![Page 29: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
RECALL…
![Page 30: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
INTRONS AND EXONSIntrons
sequences in the DNA that are NOT used to make mRNA or to make a protein
they are NOT transcribed
Exons
sequences in the DNA that are expressed or used to make mRNA and ultimately are used to make a protein
![Page 31: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
POST-TRANSCRIPTIONAL MODIFICATION IN EUKARYOTES
RNA SPLICING
REMOVAL OF INTRONS
5’ METHYLATED CAP AND POLYADENYLATION
PREVENTS DEGRADATION DURING TRANSIT FROM NUCLEUS TO CYTOPLASM
![Page 32: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
FINAL PRODUCT AFTER TRANSCRIPTION
![Page 34: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
TRANSLATION CAN BEGIN…www.can-con.ca
![Page 35: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
CONTROL DURING TRANSCRIPTION
PROKARYOTES
regulating genetic expression in nearby genes (e.g. LAC OPERON)
EUKARYOTES
involves the organization of chromatin and specific transcription factors which function by either changing the rate of transcription or altering the accessibility of chromatin to transcriptional machinery
![Page 36: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
the LAC OPERON
![Page 37: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
TRANSLATION: FROM VAGUE DNA CODES TO
MEANINGFUL TRAITS
blog.lionbridge.com
![Page 39: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
blog.lionbridge.com
![Page 40: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
blog.lionbridge.com
![Page 41: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
blog.lionbridge.com
![Page 42: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
blog.lionbridge.com
![Page 43: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
blog.lionbridge.com
![Page 45: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
IN SUMMARY…
![Page 46: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
EXAMPLE…DNA 5’-ATG GTT CGG TAG-3’ !
Replicating this strand.. 5’-CTA CCG AAC CAT-3’
mRNA transcript to undergo translation 5’-AUG GUU CGG UAG-3’
peptide from mRNA after translation Met-Val-Arg-STOP
![Page 48: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
THE GENETIC CODE
www.mun.ca
http://www.genome.jp/kegg/catalog/codes1.html
![Page 49: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
NUCLEOTIDE CODES
A
Adenine
G Guanine
C Cytosine
T Thymine
U Uracil
R Purine (A or G)
Y Pyrimidine (C or T)
N Any nucleotide
W Weak (A or T)
S Strong (G or C)
M Amino (A or C)
K Keto (G or T)
B Not A (G or C or T)
H Not G (A or C or T)
D Not C (A or G or T)
V Not T (A or G or C)
![Page 50: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
AMINO ACID CODES
Ala A Alanine
Arg R Arginine
Asn N Asparagine
Asp D Aspartic acid
Cys C Cysteine
Gln Q Glutamine
Glu E Glutamic acid
Gly G Glycine
His H Histidine
Ile I Isoleucine
Leu L Leucine
![Page 51: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
AMINO ACID CODES
Lys K Lysine
Met M Methionine
Phe F Phenylalanine
Pro P Proline
Ser S Serine
Thr T Threonine
Trp W Tryptophan
Tyr Y Tyrosine
Val V Valine
Asx B Asn or Asp
Glx Z Gln or Glu
Xle J Leu or Ile
Sec U Selenocysteine (UGA)
Pyl O Pyrrolysine (UAG)
Unk X Unknown
![Page 52: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
DNA SEQUENCE
![Page 53: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
PROTEIN SEQUENCE
www.wiley.com
![Page 54: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
LET’S TRY…
www.wiley.com
Met M Methionine
His H HistidineGly G GlycineAsn N Asparagine
Leu L Leucine
![Page 55: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
AMINO ACID SEQUENCE IS…
www.wiley.com
Met M Methionine
His H HistidineGly G GlycineAsn N Asparagine
Leu L Leucine
MHGNL met-his-gly-asn-leu
![Page 56: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE IS…
www.wiley.com
from the sequence… (AUA or AUG)-(CAU or CAC)-(GGU or GGC or GGA or GGG)-(AAU or AAC)-(CUU or CUC or CUA or CUG) !EXAMPLE: nucleotide sequence may be AUA-CAU-GGU-AAU-CUU !EXAMPLE: amino acid sequence is MHGNL or met-his-gly-asn-leu
![Page 57: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
LET’S HAVE A GROUPIE…
![Page 58: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
FORM YOUR GROUPSYou will be given set of questions and can discuss by group for the FINAL answer
The score of the group will be the score of each individual for today’s QUIZ
Submission is TOMORROW, 12noon, DB (Look for ate Malou)
READY???
![Page 59: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
QUESTIONSIn order to properly construct a protein, which process must occur first: transcription or translation? Why?
LAC operon: Under what conditions is the operator activated? Under what conditions is it inactivated?
Assume that the following sequence of bases represents a segment of DNA that is to undergo transcription. Determine the corresponding sequence of bases in the resulting RNA molecule.
3’-TAC GGC ATT GCA CAT TTT AGG GGC AAT ATT-5’
The following mRNA segment represents three codons. In each case determine what the anticodon would be on the appropriate tRNA.
AAA CGA AAU
![Page 60: Lecture on DNA to Proteins (The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology)](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081412/54543474b1af9f95228b497b/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
SEE YOU ON MONDAY FOR YOUR EXAM 1