Lecture on Central Process Unit (CPU)
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Transcript of Lecture on Central Process Unit (CPU)
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Lecture on Central Process Unit (CPU)
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Central Processing Unit
• Brain of any “processing” device• What are the processing devices?
– Computers, cell phones, game consoles, TVs, refrigerators, … just about any electronics
• CPU is a conceptually simple, but a highly complex circuitry that responds to executable inputs (i.e., program instructions).
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Intel Pentium 4 CPU
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Main Components of CPU• Control unit: Directs all program instructions. It does
not actually execute instructions, but makes other parts to do so.
• Arithmetic logic unit: It executes all arithmetic and logical operations. Commonly known as ALU.
• Registers: Small memory blocks (a few kilo bytes) inside CPU to store intermediate computation results or addresses during processing
• Caches: Larger memory blocks (a few mega bytes) inside CPU to store data during processing
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How Does Computer Work?• Application software is written in a human
readable form, normally stored in hard disk.
• To run application software, OS retrieves it first from hard disk, and translates it to a machine readable form. Then, OS instructs CPU how to run it.
• CPU interfaces with rest of computing hardware and together executes the machine readable code from OS.
• Computing hardware is controlled by CPU.
Application Software(Outlook, Safari, iTune)
Operating System(Windows, MacOS)
CPU(Intel, AMD)
Computing Hardware(Dell, IBM, Apple)
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Computing Hardware
• CPU: Main controller• Memory: All instructions and data are entered into CPU through
memory• Input device: Keyboard, mouse, touch screen, etc.• Output device: Display terminal, printer, speaker etc.• Hard disk: Mass storage for all data, program, and information
MEMORY
INPUTDEVICE
OUTPUTDEVICE
HARD DISK
CPU
MOTHERBOARD
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Mother of All Boards = “Motherboard”CPU
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Addressing
• In computer, all storage devices (memories and hard disk) are given unique addresses.
• Main memory is fast and can interact with CPU directly. But its size is limited (a few giga bytes) and cannot store all of the data or programs.
• Data or program is loaded into main memory when needed by CPU. Otherwise, it is stored in hard disk. This process is called “swapping.”
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What Happens When You Turn on Computer?• When you turn on the computer, the hardware starts.
• With the power on, the CPU starts executing instruction at certain memory location. This is the “BIOS.”
• The BIOS contains the start-up programs such as device detection, initialize background programs (demons), and the start of OS.
• Critical part of OS (i.e., part needed by all programs) is permanently loaded into the main memory. This part is called the kernel.
• Now the computer is ready to accept any command that the user enters.
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Scheduling Queues• Scheduling queues is a main functions of OS.• Job queue: Set of all processes• Ready queue: Set of all processes residing in main
memory, ready and waiting to execute• Device queue: Set of processes waiting for I/O
device
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Interactions with Memory
CPU Memory
Write Line
Read Line
Data Lines
Address Lines
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CPU Execution CycleInstructionFetch
InstructionDecode
OperandFetch
Execute
ResultStore
NextInstruction
Obtain instruction from program storage
Determine required actions and instruction size
Locate and obtain operand data
Compute result value or status
Deposit results in storage for later use
Determine successor instruction; can generally be combined w/ Decode
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Thread• Thread: Schedulable stream of controls
– Defined by CPU– Suspend: Save register values in memory– Resume: Restore registers from memory
• Multiple threads can execute independently– They can run in parallel on multiple CPUs...– Or interleaved on a single CPU– Each thread must have its own control stack.
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Single and Multithreaded Processes
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Two Threads Sharing a CPU
reality
concept
context switch
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Speed• How fast the CPU can execute instructions• Limited by many factors
– Speed of electronic circuits in CPU– Speed of memory access– Speed of hard disk– Efficiency of OS– Efficiency of application software
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Processor Speed
Year
Perfo
rman
ce
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
RISC
Intel x86
35%/yr
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CPU
slower I/O devices
high speed
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PCI Bus• Peripheral Connection Interface• South Bridge architecture
– 66 MHz, 64-bit, 512 MB/second– Shared bus with arbitration
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PCI Express• North Bridge architecture• Switched, point-to-point
connection • Data rate up to 4 GB/second
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