Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5716Commenced Publication in 1973Founding and Former Series Editors:Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board

David HutchisonLancaster University, UK

Takeo KanadeCarnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Josef KittlerUniversity of Surrey, Guildford, UK

Jon M. KleinbergCornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Alfred KobsaUniversity of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Friedemann MatternETH Zurich, Switzerland

John C. MitchellStanford University, CA, USA

Moni NaorWeizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Oscar NierstraszUniversity of Bern, Switzerland

C. Pandu RanganIndian Institute of Technology, Madras, India

Bernhard SteffenUniversity of Dortmund, Germany

Madhu SudanMicrosoft Research, Cambridge, MA, USA

Demetri TerzopoulosUniversity of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Doug TygarUniversity of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Gerhard WeikumMax-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany

Pasquale Foggia Carlo SansoneMario Vento (Eds.)

Image Analysisand Processing –ICIAP 2009

15th International ConferenceVietri sul Mare, Italy, September 8-11, 2009Proceedings

13

Volume Editors

Pasquale FoggiaMario VentoUniversità di SalernoDipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Informazione e Ingegneria ElettricaVia Ponte Don Melillo 1, 84084 Fisciano (SA), ItalyE-mail: {pfoggia, mvento}@unisa.it

Carlo SansoneUniversità di Napoli Federico IIDipartimento di Informatica e SistemisticaVia Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, ItalyE-mail: carlosan@unina.it

Library of Congress Control Number: 2009933192

CR Subject Classification (1998): I.4, I.5, I.3.5, I.2.10, I.2.6, F.2.2

LNCS Sublibrary: SL 6 – Image Processing, Computer Vision, Pattern Recognition,and Graphics

ISSN 0302-9743ISBN-10 3-642-04145-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New YorkISBN-13 978-3-642-04145-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material isconcerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publicationor parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965,in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liableto prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

springer.com

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009Printed in Germany

Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Scientific Publishing Services, Chennai, IndiaPrinted on acid-free paper SPIN: 12750559 06/3180 5 4 3 2 1 0

Preface

This volume contains the papers presented at the 15th International Conferenceon Image Analysis and Processing (ICIAP 2009), held in Vietri sul Mare, Italy,September 8–11, 2009.

ICIAP 2009 was the 15th edition of a series of conferences organized everytwo years by the Italian group of researchers affiliated to the International Asso-ciation for Pattern Recognition (IAPR). The aim of these conferences is to bringtogether researchers working on image analysis, image processing and patternrecognition from around the world. Topics for ICIAP 2009 included Image Anal-ysis and Processing, Vision and Perception, Pattern Recognition, MultimodalInteraction and Multimedia Processing, and Applications.

There were 168 submissions. Each submission was reviewed by three ProgramCommittee members. The committee decided to accept 107 papers, divided into12 oral sessions (36 papers) and two poster sessions (71 papers).

The program included three invited talks by David Stork (Ricoh Innovations,USA), Bogdan Gabrys (Bournemouth University, UK) and Stan Matwin (Uni-versity of Ottawa, Canada). For the latter two, the talks were organized in anunusual way: the two speakers presented a talk on the same topic as seen fromtheir different point of views, with Bogdan Gabrys proposing a pattern recog-nition approach and Stan Matwin a machine learning approach. A stimulatingcomparison between the two approaches was made possible by the coordinationand moderation by Floriana Esposito.

Two tutorials were offered, on “3D Video Processing for Immersive 3D Video-conferencing” (by Oliver Scheer) and on “Human-Centered Vision Systems” (byHamid Aghajan and Nicu Sebe).

ICIAP 2009 also hosted the first edition of the Fingerprint Liveness DetectionContest (LivDet2009), organized by Fabio Roli, Stephanie Schuckers and GianLuca Marcialis. The results of the contest were presented in a special contestsession.

During the conference, the Caianiello Prize, in memory of Prof. E. Caianiello,was awarded to the best paper by a young author, as in the previous editions.Also, a prize was awarded to the best paper presented to the conference.

A special session was held to commemorate the achievements of our estimatedcolleague Vito Di Gesu, who recently left us. Prof. Di Gesu has always been anactive and important presence in the GIRPR community. We missed him inICIAP 2009, and we will surely miss him more and more in the future editionsof ICIAP.

We wish to thank the Italian group of researchers affiliated to the Interna-tional Association for Pattern Recognition (GIRPR) for giving us the possibilityof organizing this conference. We also thank the International Association ForPattern Recognition for the endorsement of ICIAP 2009.

VI Preface

A special thank goes to the members of the Program Committee and tothe reviewers that have contributed with their work to ensure the high-qualitystandard of the papers accepted to ICIAP 2009.

The organization of the conference would not have been possible without thefinancial and technical support of the University of Salerno, the Department ofElectrical and Information Engineering (DIIIE), and of Citel Group S.r.l. andNexera S.r.l.

The management of the papers, including the preparation of this proceedingsvolume, was assisted by the EasyChair conference management system. Localorganization for events and accomodation was managed by Leader S.a.s. A spe-cial thank goes to the members of the Local Organizing Committee, DonatelloConte and Gennaro Percannella, and to Francesco Tufano for their indispens-able contributions to the organization and their help and availability to solvethe many practical problems arising during the preparation of ICIAP 2009.

September 2009 Pasquale FoggiaCarlo Sansone

Mario Vento

Organization

General Chair

Mario Vento University of Salerno, Italy

Program Chairs

Pasquale Foggia University of Salerno, ItalyCarlo Sansone University of Napoli Federico II, Italy

Steering Committee

Virginio Cantoni (Italy)Luigi P. Cordella (Italy)Alberto Del Bimbo (Italy)Vito Di Gesu (Italy)Marco Ferretti (Italy)Piero Mussio (Italy)Gabriella Sanniti di Baja (Italy)

Program Committee

Jake K. Aggarwal (USA)Maria Grazia Albanesi (Italy)Edoardo Ardizzone (Italy)Prabir Bhattacharya (Canada)Giuseppe Boccignone (Italy)Patrick Bouthemy (France)Alberto Broggi (Italy)Luc Brun (France)Horst Bunke (Switzerland)Paola Campadelli (Italy)Aurelio Campilho (Portugal)Luigi Cinque (Italy)Isaac Cohen (USA)Carlo Colombo (Italy)Luciano da Fontoura Costa (Brazil)Rita Cucchiara (Italy)Leila De Floriani (Italy)Massimo De Santo (Italy)

Luigi Di Stefano (Italy)Floriana Esposito (Italy)Mario Ferraro (Italy)Francesc J. Ferri (Spain)Robert Fisher (UK)Gianluca Foresti (Italy)Ana Fred (Portugal)Andrea Fusiello (Italy)Giovanni Gallo (Italy)Giovanni Garibotto (Italy)Giorgio Giacinto (Italy)Georgy Gimel’farb (New Zealand)Concettina Guerra (Italy)Edwin R. Hancock (UK)Tin K. Ho (USA)Anil K. Jain (USA)Xiaoyi Jiang (Germany)Jean-Michel Jolion (France)

VIII Organization

Graeme A. Jones (UK)Josef Kittler (UK)Walter Kropatsch (Austria)Josep Llados (Spain)Luca Lombardi (Italy)Brian C. Lovell (Australia)Giuseppe Maino (Italy)Stephen Maybank (UK)Gerard Medioni (USA)Stefano Messelodi (Italy)Vittorio Murino (Italy)Hirobumi Nishida (Japan)Jean-Marc Ogier (France)Marcello Pelillo (Italy)Gennaro Percannella (Italy)Fernando Pereira (Portugal)Petra Perner (Germany)Nicolai Petkov (The Netherlands)Alfredo Petrosino (Italy)Massimo Piccardi (Italy)

Matti Pietikainen (Finland)Roberto Pirrone (Italy)Carlo Regazzoni (Italy)Vito Roberto (Italy)Fabio Roli (Italy)Arun Ross (USA)Hideo Saito (Japan)Raimondo Schettini (Italy)Oliver Schreer (Germany)Stefano Soatto (USA)Pierre Soille (EU)Guido Tascini (Italy)Massimo Tistarelli (Italy)Genoveffa Tortora (Italy)Francesco Tortorella (Italy)Alessandro Verri (Italy)Marcel Worring (The Netherlands)Yehezkel Yeshurun (Israel)

Local Organizing Committee

Donatello Conte University of Salerno, ItalyGennaro Percannella University of Salerno, Italy

Organized by

Dept. of Electrical and Information Engineering of the University of SalernoGIRPR, the Italian group of researchers affiliated to the IAPR

Endorsed by

International Association for Pattern Recognition

Supported by

University of SalernoDept. of Electrical and Information Engineering of the University of SalernoCitel Group S.r.l.Nexera S.r.l.

Organization IX

Additional Reviewers

Davide AriuNicole ArtnerGeorge AzzopardiLamberto BallanSebastiano BattiatoLoris BazzaniLuca BianchiManuele BicegoBattista BiggioSamuel Rota BuloVincenzo CannellaMarco La CasciaElena CasiraghiUmberto CastellaniPaul ChippendaleAnustup ChoudhuryAndrea ColombariDonatello ConteIgino CoronaMarco CristaniLuca DidaciNicola Di MauroFabrizio DiniPiercarlo DondiAykut ErdemMichela FarenzenaGiovanni Maria FarinellaStefano FerilliAndreas FischerFernando FrancoVolkmar Frinken

Maria FrucciGiorgio FumeraOrazio GambinoRiccardo GattiRiccardo GherardiIoannis GiotisThien M. HaJosh HarguessYll HaxhimusaChangbo HuAdrian IonCharles KervrannOswald LanzAlessandro LanzaMichela LeccaFrancois Le CoatGiuseppe LiporiLuca LombardiMario MolinaraDonato MalerbaEric MarchandGian Luca MarcialisClaudio MarroccoSamuele MartelliAlessandro MartinelliStefano MattocciaGiuseppe MazzolaEtienne MeminSimone MerliniCarla Maria ModenaDavide Moschini

Daniele MuntoniPiero MussioEsther Antunez OrtizGiuseppe PapariPatrick PerezAlessandro PerinaFederico PerniciIgnazio PillaiLuca PirasMarco PortaStella PratissoliGiovanni PuglisiPedro QuelhasGiuliana RamellaAjita RattaniElisa RicciKaspar RiesenChristophe RosenbergerGiuseppe RussoSamuele SaltiEnver SanginetoLorenzo SeidenariGiuseppe SerraJorge SilvaChristine SolnonRoberto ToldoFederico TombariDiego TosatoRoberto TronciMichele Zanin

Table of Contents

Invited Talks

Learning with Missing or Incomplete Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Bogdan Gabrys

Image Analysis and Machine Learning: How to Foster a StrongerConnection? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Stan Matwin

Computer Analysis of Lighting in Realist Master Art: Current Methodsand Future Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

David G. Stork

Contest Session

First International Fingerprint Liveness DetectionCompetition—LivDet 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Gian Luca Marcialis, Aaron Lewicke, Bozhao Tan, Pietro Coli,Dominic Grimberg, Alberto Congiu, Alessandra Tidu,Fabio Roli, and Stephanie Schuckers

Computer Graphics and Image Processing

SVR-Based Jitter Reduction for Markerless Augmented Reality . . . . . . . . 24Samuele Salti and Luigi Di Stefano

Re-photography and Environment Monitoring Using a Social SensorNetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Paul Chippendale, Michele Zanin, and Claudio Andreatta

Region-Based Illuminant Estimation for Effective Color Correction . . . . . 43Simone Bianco, Francesca Gasparini, and Raimondo Schettini

Low and Middle Level Processing

A New Technique for Image Magnification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Carlo Arcelli, Maria Frucci, and Gabriella Sanniti di Baja

Nonlocal Similarity Image Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Yifei Lou, Paolo Favaro, Stefano Soatto, and Andrea Bertozzi

FESID: Finite Element Scale Invariant Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Dermot Kerr, Sonya Coleman, and Bryan Scotney

XII Table of Contents

2D and 3D Segmentation

Conditions for Segmentation of 2D Translations of 3D Objects . . . . . . . . . 82Shafriza Nisha Basah, Alireza Bab-Hadiashar, andReza Hoseinnezhad

Segmentation of Wood Fibres in 3D CT Images Using Graph Cuts . . . . . 92Erik L.G. Wernersson, Anders Brun, and Cris L. Luengo Hendriks

Semantic-Based Segmentation and Annotation of 3D Models . . . . . . . . . . 103Laura Papaleo and Leila De Floriani

Feature Extraction and Image Analysis

Reducing Keypoint Database Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113Shahar Jamshy, Eyal Krupka, and Yehezkel Yeshurun

Automatic Estimation of the Inlier Threshold in Robust MultipleStructures Fitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Roberto Toldo and Andrea Fusiello

Integration of Contextual Information in Online HandwritingRepresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Sara Izadi and Ching Y. Suen

Object Detection and Recognition

Plant Leaf Identification Using Multi-scale Fractal Dimension . . . . . . . . . . 143Andre R. Backes and Odemir M. Bruno

Detection of a Hand Holding a Cellular Phone Using Multiple ImageFeatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

Hiroto Nagayoshi, Takashi Watanabe, Tatsuhiko Kagehiro,Hisao Ogata, Tsukasa Yasue, and Hiroshi Sako

Object Detection by Estimating and Combining High-Level Features . . . 161Geoffrey Levine and Gerald DeJong

Video Analysis and Processing

Video Event Classification Using Bag of Words and String Kernels . . . . . 170Lamberto Ballan, Marco Bertini, Alberto Del Bimbo, andGiuseppe Serra

Video Sequences Association for People Re-identification acrossMultiple Non-overlapping Cameras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Dung Nghi Truong Cong, Catherine Achard,Louahdi Khoudour, and Lounis Douadi

Table of Contents XIII

Shadow Removal in Outdoor Video Sequences by AutomaticThresholding of Division Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Srinivasa Rao Dammavalam, Claudio Piciarelli,Christian Micheloni, and Gian Luca Foresti

Pattern Analysis and Classification

A New Generative Feature Set Based on Entropy Distance forDiscriminative Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

Alessandro Perina, Marco Cristani, Umberto Castellani, andVittorio Murino

A Hybrid Approach Handling Imbalanced Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Paolo Soda

Nonlinear Embedded Map Projection for Dimensionality Reduction . . . . 219Simone Marinai, Emanuele Marino, and Giovanni Soda

Learning

A Riemannian Self-Organizing Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Dongjun Yu, Edwin R. Hancock, and William A.P. Smith

Towards a Theoretical Framework for Learning Multi-modal Patternsfor Embodied Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

Nicoletta Noceti, Barbara Caputo, Claudio Castellini,Luca Baldassarre, Annalisa Barla, Lorenzo Rosasco,Francesca Odone, and Giulio Sandini

The Impact of Reliability Evaluation on a Semi-supervised LearningApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Pasquale Foggia, Gennaro Percannella, Carlo Sansone, andMario Vento

Graphs and Trees

On the Training Patterns Pruning for Optimum-Path Forest . . . . . . . . . . . 259Joao P. Papa and Alexandre X. Falcao

Learning Class Specific Graph Prototypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269Shengping Xia and Edwin R. Hancock

Tree Covering within a Graph Kernel Framework for ShapeClassification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

Francois-Xavier Dupe and Luc Brun

XIV Table of Contents

Applications

Vision-Based Markerless Gaming Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288Pietro Azzari and Luigi Di Stefano

Quality Assessment of the MPEG-4 Scalable Video CODEC . . . . . . . . . . . 297Florian Niedermeier, Michael Niedermeier, and Harald Kosch

An Automatic Method for Counting Annual Rings in Noisy SawmillImages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Kristin Norell

A License Plate Extraction Algorithm Based on Edge Statistics andRegion Growing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Manuel Vargas, Sergio L. Toral, Federico Barrero, andFrancisco Cortes

Boat Speed Monitoring Using Artificial Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327Alberto Broggi, Pietro Cerri, Paolo Grisleri, and Marco Paterlini

Theia: Multispectral Image Analysis and Archaeological Survey . . . . . . . . 337Vito Roberto and Massimiliano Hofer

A Self-updating Multiexpert System for Face Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . 346Andrea F. Abate, Maria De Marsico, Michele Nappi, andDaniel Riccio

Characterisation of Retinal Feature Points Applied to a BiometricSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

David Calvo, Marcos Ortega, Manuel G. Penedo, Jose Rouco, andBeatriz Remeseiro

Coastline Detection from SAR Images by Level Set Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 364Maria Mercede Cerimele, Luigi Cinque, Rossella Cossu, andRoberta Galiffa

Wavelet-Based Feature Extraction for Handwritten Numerals . . . . . . . . . . 374Diego Romero, Ana Ruedin, and Leticia Seijas

A Texture Based Shoe Retrieval System for Shoe Marks of Real CrimeScenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Francesca Dardi, Federico Cervelli, and Sergio Carrato

Encephalic NMR Tumor Diversification by Textural Interpretation . . . . . 394Danilo Avola and Luigi Cinque

Pathnodes Integration of Standalone Particle Filters for PeopleTracking on Distributed Surveillance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

Roberto Vezzani, Davide Baltieri, and Rita Cucchiara

Table of Contents XV

On Improving the Efficiency of Eigenface Using a Novel Facial FeatureLocalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Aleksey Izmailov and Adam Krzyzak

Semiotic Design of a Hypermedia for Cultural Heritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425Vito Roberto and Elio Toppano

An Experimental Analysis of the Relationship between BiometricTemplate Update and the Doddington’s Zoo: A Case Study in FaceVerification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434

Ajita Rattani, Gian Luca Marcialis, and Fabio Roli

Similarity Searches in Face Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443Annalisa Franco and Dario Maio

Vision-Based Motion Capture of Interacting Multiple People . . . . . . . . . . 451Hiroaki Egashira, Atsushi Shimada, Daisaku Arita, andRin-ichiro Taniguchi

Probabilistic Corner Detection for Facial Feature Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . 461Edoardo Ardizzone, Marco La Cascia, and Marco Morana

License Plate Detection and Character Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Fabio Caccia, Roberto Marmo, and Luca Lombardi

Towards a Subject-Centered Analysis for Automated VideoSurveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481

Michela Farenzena, Loris Bazzani, Vittorio Murino, andMarco Cristani

Geometric-Aligned Cancelable Fingerprint Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490Bian Yang, Christoph Busch, Mohammad Derawi,Patrick Bours, and Davrondzhon Gafurov

A Hybrid Approach to Land Cover Classification from Multi SpectralImages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500

Primo Zingaretti, Emanuele Frontoni, Eva Savina Malinverni, andAdriano Mancini

Improving the Accuracy of a Score Fusion Approach Based onLikelihood Ratio in Multimodal Biometric Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

Emanuela Marasco and Carlo Sansone

A 3D Scanner for Transparent Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Gonen Eren, Olivier Aubreton, Fabrice Meriaudeau,L.A. Sanchez Secades, David Fofi, A. Teoman Naskali,Frederic Truchetet, and Aytul Ercil

XVI Table of Contents

Red Eye Detection through Bag-of-Keypoints Classification . . . . . . . . . . . 528Sebastiano Battiato, Mirko Guarnera, Tony Meccio, andGiuseppe Messina

A New Large Urdu Database for Off-Line Handwriting Recognition . . . . 538Malik Waqas Sagheer, Chun Lei He, Nicola Nobile, andChing Y. Suen

Object Matching in Distributed Video Surveillance Systems byLDA-Based Appearance Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

Liliana Lo Presti, Stan Sclaroff, and Marco La Cascia

Analysis and Classification of Crithidia Luciliae Fluorescent Images . . . . 558Paolo Soda, Leonardo Onofri, Amelia Rigon, and Giulio Iannello

Confidence Measures for Error Correction in Interactive TranscriptionHandwritten Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567

Lionel Tarazon, Daniel Perez, Nicolas Serrano, Vicent Alabau,Oriol Ramos Terrades, Alberto Sanchis, and Alfons Juan

On the Quantitative Estimation of Short-Term Aging in HumanFaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

Marcos Ortega, Linda Brodo, Manuele Bicego, andMassimo Tistarelli

3D Neural Model-Based Stopped Object Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585Lucia Maddalena and Alfredo Petrosino

A New Linguistic-Perceptual Event Model for Spatio-Temporal EventDetection and Personalized Retrieval of Sports Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

Minh-Son Dao, Sharma Ishan Nath, and Noboru Babaguichi

Towards Protein Interaction Analysis through Surface Labeling . . . . . . . . 604Virginio Cantoni, Riccardo Gatti, and Luca Lombardi

A Semi-automated Method for the Measurement of the Fetal NuchalTranslucency in Ultrasound Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

Ezio Catanzariti, Giovanni Fusco, Francesco Isgro,Salvatore Masecchia, Roberto Prevete, and Matteo Santoro

Video Background Segmentation Using Adaptive Background Models . . . 623Xiaoyu Wu, Yangsheng Wang, and Jituo Li

Shape Analysis

A New Algorithm for Polygonal Approximation Based on Ant ColonyOptimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Cecilia Di Ruberto and Andrea Morgera

Table of Contents XVII

Recognition of Occluded Shapes Using Size Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642Barbara Di Fabio, Claudia Landi, and Filippo Medri

Discrete Distortion for Surface Meshes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652Mohammed Mostefa Mesmoudi, Leila De Floriani, and Paola Magillo

Face Analysis

Webcam-Based Visual Gaze Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662Roberto Valenti, Jacopo Staiano, Nicu Sebe, and Theo Gevers

Real-Time Probabilistic Tracking of Faces in Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672Giuseppe Boccignone, Paola Campadelli, Alessandro Ferrari, andGiuseppe Lipori

A Robust Iris Localization Model Based on Phase Congruency andLeast Trimmed Squares Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682

Lili Pan, Mei Xie, Tao Zheng, and Jianli Ren

Medical Imaging

Shape-Based Classification of 3D Head Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692Linda G. Shapiro, Katarzyna Wilamowska, Indriyati Atmosukarto,Jia Wu, Carrie Heike, Matthew Speltz, and Michael Cunningham

Sudden Changes Detection in WCE Video . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701Giovanni Gallo, Eliana Granata, and Giuseppe Scarpulla

Denoising of Digital Radiographic Images with AutomaticRegularization Based on Total Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Mirko Lucchese and N. Alberto Borghese

Image Analysis and Pattern Recognition

A Real-Time Occlusion Aware Hardware Structure for Disparity MapComputation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

Christos Georgoulas and Ioannis Andreadis

A Graph-Based Approach for Shape Skeleton Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731Andre R. Backes and Odemir M. Bruno

Reconnecting Broken Ridges in Fingerprint Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739Nadia Brancati, Maria Frucci, and Gabriella Sanniti di Baja

Optimum Sensors for ‘Chromaticity’ Constancy in the Pixel . . . . . . . . . . . 748Sivalogeswaran Ratnasingam and Steve Collins

XVIII Table of Contents

An Improved Adaptive Smoothing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757Xin Hu, Hui Peng, Joseph Kesker, Xiang Cai,William G. Wee, and Jing-Huei Lee

Objective Quality Assessment Measurement for Typhoon Cloud ImageEnhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767

Changjiang Zhang, Juan Lu, and Jinshan Wang

Fuzzy Smoothed Composition of Local Mapping Transformations forNon-rigid Image Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

Edoardo Ardizzone, Roberto Gallea, Orazio Gambino, andRoberto Pirrone

Many-to-Many Matching under the l1 Norm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787M. Fatih Demirci and Yusuf Osmanlıoglu

Evaluation of a Foreground Segmentation Algorithm for 3D CameraSensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797

Luca Bianchi, Piercarlo Dondi, Riccardo Gatti, Luca Lombardi, andPaolo Lombardi

Image Quality Assessment Based on Multi-scale Geometric Analysis . . . . 807Mingna Liu, Xin Yang, and Yanfeng Shang

Connected Component Labeling Techniques on ModernArchitectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816

Costantino Grana, Daniele Borghesani, and Rita Cucchiara

Estimation of Object Position Based on Color and Shape ContextualInformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825

Takashi Ishihara, Kazuhiro Hotta, and Haruhisa Takahashi

Hallucinating Faces: Global Linear Modal Based Super-Resolution andPosition Based Residue Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835

Xiang Ma, Junping Zhang, and Chun Qi

Joint Affine and Illumination Estimation Using Scale ManipulationFeatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

Kobi Bentolila and Joseph M. Francos

Real-Time Descriptorless Feature Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853Antonio L. Rodrıguez, Pedro E. Lopez-de-Teruel, and Alberto Ruiz

Adaptive Sharpening with Overshoot Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 863Antonio Buemi, Gaetano Santoro, Arcangelo Bruna, andMirko Guarnera

Table of Contents XIX

Applying Visual Object Categorization and Memory Colors forAutomatic Color Constancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873

Esa Rahtu, Jarno Nikkanen, Juho Kannala, Leena Lepisto, andJanne Heikkila

Anomaly-Based Detection of IRC Botnets by Means of One-ClassSupport Vector Classifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883

Claudio Mazzariello and Carlo Sansone

Detection of Duplicated Regions in Tampered Digital Images byBit-Plane Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

Edoardo Ardizzone and Giuseppe Mazzola

Color Features Performance Comparison for Image Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . 902Daniele Borghesani, Costantino Grana, and Rita Cucchiara

An Adaptive Technique for Accurate Feature Extraction from Regularand Irregular Image Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911

Sonya Coleman, Shanmuglingam Suganthan, and Bryan Scotney

Processing Hexagonal Images in a Virtual Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 920Sonya Coleman, Bryan Scotney, and Bryan Gardiner

Pixel Coverage Segmentation for Improved Feature Estimation . . . . . . . . 929Natasa Sladoje and Joakim Lindblad

A Generic Method of Line Matching for Central Imaging Systemsunder Short-Baseline Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 939

Saleh Mosaddegh, David Fofi, and Pascal Vasseur

Reconstructing 3D Facial Shape Using Spherical Harmonics . . . . . . . . . . . 949Chengming Zou, Guanghui Zhao, and Edwin R. Hancock

Retinex Combined with Total Variation for Image IlluminationNormalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958

Luigi Cinque and Gabriele Morrone

A Color-Based Interest Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965Marta Penas and Linda G. Shapiro

An Evaluation of Scale and Noise Sensitivity of Fibre OrientationEstimation in Volume Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975

Maria Axelsson

Real-Time Online Video Object Silhouette Extraction Using GraphCuts on the GPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985

Zachary A. Garrett and Hideo Saito

On a New Measure of Classifier Competence Applied to the Design ofMulticlassifier Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995

Tomasz Woloszynski and Marek Kurzynski

XX Table of Contents

Multi-class Binary Symbol Classification with Circular Blurred ShapeModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005

Sergio Escalera, Alicia Fornes, Oriol Pujol, and Petia Radeva

A Novel Recognition Approach for Sketch-Based Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015Danilo Avola, Andrea Del Buono, Giorgio Gianforme, andStefano Paolozzi

Simultaneous Document Margin Removal and Skew Correction Basedon Corner Detection in Projection Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025

M. Mehdi Haji, Tien D. Bui, and Ching Y. Suen

Dense Two-Frame Stereo Correspondence by Self-organizing NeuralNetwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035

Marco Vanetti, Ignazio Gallo, and Elisabetta Binaghi

Towards a Linear Combination of Dichotomizers by MarginMaximization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043

Claudio Marrocco, Mario Molinara, Maria Teresa Ricamato, andFrancesco Tortorella

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1053