Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 5590Edited by R. Goebel, J. Siekmann, and W. Wahlster

Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Claudio Sossai Gaetano Chemello (Eds.)

Symbolic and QuantitativeApproaches to Reasoningwith Uncertainty

10th European Conference, ECSQARU 2009Verona, Italy, July 1-3, 2009Proceedings

13

Series Editors

Randy Goebel, University of Alberta, Edmonton, CanadaJörg Siekmann, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, GermanyWolfgang Wahlster, DFKI and University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany

Volume Editors

Claudio SossaiISIB-CNRCorso Stati Uniti 435127 Padova, ItalyE-mail: claudio.sossai@isib.cnr.it

Gaetano ChemelloISIB-CNRCorso Stati Uniti, 435127 Padova, ItalyE-mail: gaetano.chemello@isib.cnr.it

Library of Congress Control Number: Applied for

CR Subject Classification (1998): I.2, F.4.1, F.3, F.4, I.2.3, I.2.4

LNCS Sublibrary: SL 7 – Artificial Intelligence

ISSN 0302-9743ISBN-10 3-642-02905-1 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New YorkISBN-13 978-3-642-02905-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

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Preface

These are the proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Symbolic andQuantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty, ECSQARU 2009, heldin Verona (Italy), July 1–3, 2009.

The biennial ECSQARU conferences are a major forum for advances in thetheory and practice of reasoning under uncertainty. The first ECSQARU confer-ence was held in Marseille (1991), and since then it has been held in Granada(1993), Fribourg (1995), Bonn (1997), London (1999), Toulouse (2001), Aalborg(2003), Barcelona (2005) and Hammamet (2007).

The 76 papers gathered in this volume were selected out of 118 submissionsfrom 34 countries, after a rigorous review process. In addition, the conferenceincluded invited lectures by three outstanding researchers in the area: IsabelleBloch (“Fuzzy and bipolar mathematical morphology, applications in spatialreasoning”), Petr Cintula (“From (deductive) fuzzy logic to (logic-based) fuzzymathematics”), and Daniele Mundici (“Conditionals and independence in many-valued logics”).

Two special sessions were presented during the conference: “Conditioning, in-dependence, inference” (organized by Giulianella Coletti and Barbara Vantaggi)and “Mathematical fuzzy logic” (organized by Stefano Aguzzoli, Brunella Gerla,Lluıs Godo, Vincenzo Marra, Franco Montagna)

On the whole, the program of the conference provided a broad, rich andup-to-date perspective of the current high-level research in the area which isreflected in the contents of this volume.

We would like to thank the members of the Program Committee, the ad-ditional reviewers, the invited speakers, the organizers of the special sessionsand the members of the Organizing Committee for their support in making thisconference successful. We also thank the creators and maintainers of the freeconference management system EasyChair (http://www.easychair.org).

Finally, we gratefully acknowledge the sponsoring institutions for their sup-port.

April 2009 Claudio SossaiGaetano Chemello

Organization

ECSQARU 2009 was organized by the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of theItalian National Research Council (ISIB-CNR, Padova) and by the Departmentof Computer Science of the University of Verona.

Executive Committee

Conference Chair Claudio Sossai (ISIB-CNR, Italy)Organizing Committee Paolo Bison (ISIB-CNR, Italy)

Claudio Cavaggion (ISIB-CNR, Italy)Gaetano Chemello (ISIB-CNR, Italy)Matteo Cristani (University of Verona, Italy)Elisabetta Di Prisco (Ecsqaru Verona 2009, Italy)Paolo Fiorini (University of Verona, Italy)Massimiliano Giacomin (University of Brescia, Italy)Gianni Perbellini (Ecsqaru Verona 2009, Italy)Silvia Zoletto (ISIB-CNR, Italy)

Program Committee

Stefano Aguzzoli (Italy)Alain Appriou (France)Nahla Ben Amor (Tunisia)Boutheina Ben Yaghlane (Tunisia)Salem Benferhat (France)Philippe Besnard (France)Isabelle Bloch (France)Gerd Brewka (Germany)Claudette Cayrol (France)Gaetano Chemello (Italy)Carlos Chesnevar (Argentina)Laurence Cholvy (France)Agata Ciabattoni (Austria)Giulianella Coletti (Italy)Fabio Cozman (Brazil)Fabio Cuzzolin (UK)Luıs Miguel de Campos (Spain)Gert de Cooman (Belgium)James P. Delgrande (Canada)Thierry Denoeux (France)Antonio di Nola (Italy)

Marek Druzdzel (USA)Didier Dubois (France)Zied Elouedi (Tunisia)Francesc Esteva (Spain)Paolo Fiorini (Italy)Hector Geffner (Spain)Brunella Gerla (Italy)Massimiliano Giacomin (Italy)Angelo Gilio (Italy)Lluıs Godo (Spain)Michel Grabisch (France)Petr Hajek (Czech Republic)Andreas Herzig (France)Eyke Hullermeier (Germany)Anthony Hunter (UK)Katsumi Inoue (Japan)Gabriele Kern-Isberner (Germany)Ivan Kramosil (Czech Republic)Rudolf Kruse (Germany)Jerome Lang (France)Pedro Larranaga (Spain)

VIII Organization

Jonathan Lawry (UK)Churn-Jung Liau (Taiwan)Paolo Liberatore (Italy)Weiru Liu (UK)Thomas Lukasiewicz (Italy)Pierre Marquis (France)Vincenzo Marra (Italy)Khaled Mellouli (Tunisia)Luıs Moniz Pereira (Portugal)Franco Montagna (Italy)Serafın Moral (Spain)Thomas Dyhre Nielsen (Denmark)Kristian G. Olesen (Denmark)Ewa Orlowska (Poland)Odile Papini (France)Simon Parsons (USA)Ramon Pino-Perez (Venezuela)

David Poole (Canada)Henri Prade (France)Maria Rifqi (France)Alessandro Saffiotti (Sweden)Sandra Sandri (Spain)Torsten Schaub (Germany)Romano Scozzafava (Italy)Prakash P. Shenoy (USA)Guillermo Simari (Argentina)Enric Trillas (Spain)Linda van der Gaag (The Netherlands)Leon van der Torre (The Netherlands)Barbara Vantaggi (Italy)Emil Weydert (Luxembourg)Mary-Anne Williams (Australia)Nevin L. Zhang (Hong Kong, China)

Additional Reviewers

Teresa AlsinetMohamed Anis Bach TobjiMarco BaiolettiPhilippe BalbianiMatteo BianchiMartin CaminadaAndrea CapotortiWalter CarnielliFederico CeruttiTao ChenSylvie Coste-MarquisAndrei DoncescuPhan Minh DungTommaso FlaminioAlfredo GabaldonFabio GadducciCipriano GalindoPere Garcıa-CalvesMartin GebserDaniele GenitoHerve GlotinJoanna Golinska-PilarekStijn HeymansAndrzej HildebrandtSzymon JaroszewiczReinhard Kahle

Petri KontkanenSylvain LagrueAda LettieriJianbing MaEnrico MarchioniChristophe MarsalaMarie-Helene MassonChristian MoewesDaniele MundiciPascal NicolasDavid Picado MuinoGabriella PigozziValentina PoggioniBenjamin QuostThorsteinn RognvaldssonPavel RusnokGeorg RußChiaki SakamaMatthias SteinbrecherUmberto StracciaCarlos UzcateguiYi WangGregory WheelerRoland WinklerEric WurbelAnbu Yue

Organization IX

Sponsoring Institutions

Institute of Biomedical Engineering (ISIB-CNR), PadovaDepartment of Computer Science, University of VeronaFondazione Arena di Verona

Table of Contents

Invited Talks

Fuzzy and Bipolar Mathematical Morphology, Applications in SpatialReasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Isabelle Bloch

From (Deductive) Fuzzy Logic to (Logic-Based) Fuzzy Mathematics . . . . 14Petr Cintula

Conditionals and Independence in Many-Valued Logics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Daniele Mundici

Algorithms for Uncertain Inference

Inference from Multinomial Data Based on a MLE-DominanceCriterion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Alessio Benavoli and Cassio P. de Campos

Local Computation Schemes with Partially Ordered Preferences . . . . . . . 34Helene Fargier and Nic Wilson

Inference in Hybrid Bayesian Networks with Deterministic Variables . . . . 46Prakash P. Shenoy and James C. West

Argumentation Systems

Extracting the Core of a Persuasion Dialog to Evaluate Its Quality . . . . . 59Leila Amgoud and Florence Dupin de Saint-Cyr

On Revising Argumentation-Based Decision Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Leila Amgoud and Srdjan Vesic

Encompassing Attacks to Attacks in Abstract ArgumentationFrameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Pietro Baroni, Federico Cerutti, Massimiliano Giacomin, andGiovanni Guida

Social Argument Justification: Some Mechanisms and Conditions forTheir Coincidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Gustavo Adrian Bodanza and Marcelo Roberto Auday

Dynamics in Argumentation with Single Extensions: AbstractionPrinciples and the Grounded Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

Guido Boella, Souhila Kaci, and Leendert van der Torre

XII Table of Contents

An Algorithm for Generating Arguments in Classical Predicate Logic . . . 119Vasiliki Efstathiou and Anthony Hunter

Modelling Argument Accrual in Possibilistic Defeasible LogicProgramming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Mauro J. Gomez Lucero, Carlos I. Chesnevar, andGuillermo R. Simari

Generalized Abstract Argumentation: Handling Arguments in FOLFragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Martın O. Moguillansky, Nicolas D. Rotstein,Marcelo A. Falappa, and Guillermo R. Simari

Bayesian Networks

Probability Density Estimation by Perturbing and Combining TreeStructured Markov Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Sourour Ammar, Philippe Leray, Boris Defourny, andLouis Wehenkel

Integrating Ontological Knowledge for Iterative Causal Discovery andVisualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Montassar Ben Messaoud, Philippe Leray, and Nahla Ben Amor

Binary Probability Trees for Bayesian Networks Inference . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180Andres Cano, Manuel Gomez-Olmedo, and Serafın Moral

Marginals of DAG-Isomorphic Independence Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Peter R. de Waal

The Probabilistic Interpretation of Model-Based Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 204Ildiko Flesch and Peter J.F. Lucas

Simplifying Learning in Non-repetitive Dynamic Bayesian Networks . . . . 216Ildiko Flesch and Eric O. Postma

Surprise-Based Qualitative Probabilistic Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Zina M. Ibrahim, Ahmed Y. Tawfik, and Alioune Ngom

Maximum Likelihood Learning of Conditional MTE Distributions . . . . . . 240Helge Langseth, Thomas D. Nielsen, Rafael Rumı, andAntonio Salmeron

Belief Functions

A Generalization of the Pignistic Transform for Partial Bet . . . . . . . . . . . . 252Thomas Burger and Alice Caplier

Table of Contents XIII

Using Logic to Understand Relations between DSmT andDempster-Shafer Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Laurence Cholvy

Complexes of Outer Consonant Approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Fabio Cuzzolin

The Intersection Probability and Its Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Fabio Cuzzolin

Can the Minimum Rule of Possibility Theory Be Extended to BeliefFunctions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Sebastien Destercke and Didier Dubois

Capacity Refinements and Their Application to Qualitative DecisionEvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

Didier Dubois and Helene Fargier

Belief Functions and Cluster Ensembles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323Marie-Helene Masson and Thierry Denoeux

Upper Probabilities Attainable by Distributions of MeasurableSelections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Enrique Miranda, Ines Couso, and Pedro Gil

Belief Revision and Inconsistency Handling

Merging Qualitative Constraints Networks Using Propositional Logic . . . 347Jean-Francois Condotta, Souhila Kaci, Pierre Marquis, andNicolas Schwind

Distance-Based Semantics for C-Structure Belief Revision . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Omar Doukari, Eric Wurbel, and Robert Jeansoulin

Merging Belief Bases Represented by Logic Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371Julien Hue, Odile Papini, and Eric Wurbel

Knowledge Base Stratification and Merging Based on Degree ofSupport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

Anthony Hunter and Weiru Liu

Using Transfinite Ordinal Conditional Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396Sebastien Konieczny

The Non-archimedean Polynomials and Merging of StratifiedKnowledge Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Jianbing Ma, Weiru Liu, and Anthony Hunter

XIV Table of Contents

Encoding the Revision of Partially Preordered Information in AnswerSet Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Mariette Serayet, Pierre Drap, and Odile Papini

A Distance-Based Operator to Revising Ontologies in DL SHOQ . . . . . . 434Fangkai Yang, Guilin Qi, and Zhisheng Huang

Classification and Clustering

An Experimental Study about Simple Decision Trees for BaggingEnsemble on Datasets with Classification Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

Joaquın Abellan and Andres R. Masegosa

Incremental Maintenance of Frequent Itemsets in EvidentialDatabases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

Mohamed Anis Bach Tobji, Boutheina Ben Yaghlane, andKhaled Mellouli

A Bayesian Random Split to Build Ensembles of Classification Trees . . . 469Andres Cano, Andres R. Masegosa, and Serafın Moral

HODE: Hidden One-Dependence Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481M. Julia Flores, Jose A. Gamez, Ana M. Martınez, andJose M. Puerta

On the Effectiveness of Diversity When Training Multiple ClassifierSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

David Gacquer, Veronique Delcroix, Francois Delmotte, andSylvain Piechowiak

On the Use of Clustering in Possibilistic Decision Tree Induction . . . . . . . 505Ilyes Jenhani, Salem Benferhat, and Zied Elouedi

When in Doubt . . . Be Indecisive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518Linda C. van der Gaag, Silja Renooij, Wilma Steeneveld, andHenk Hogeveen

Conditioning, Independence, Inference

Acyclic Directed Graphs to Represent Conditional IndependenceModels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

Marco Baioletti, Giuseppe Busanello, and Barbara Vantaggi

Towards a Conscious Choice of a Similarity Measure: A QualitativePoint of View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542

Bernadette Bouchon-Meunier, Giulianella Coletti,Marie-Jeanne Lesot, and Maria Rifqi

Table of Contents XV

Integrated Likelihood in a Finitely Additive Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554Giulianella Coletti, Romano Scozzafava, and Barbara Vantaggi

Triangulation Heuristics for BN2O Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566Petr Savicky and Jirı Vomlel

Default Reasoning

A Default Logic Patch for Default Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578Philippe Besnard, Eric Gregoire, and Sebastien Ramon

A Note on Cumulative Stereotypical Reasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590Giovanni Casini and Hykel Hosni

Realizing Default Logic over Description Logic Knowledge Bases . . . . . . 602Minh Dao-Tran, Thomas Eiter, and Thomas Krennwallner

Dealing Automatically with Exceptions by Introducing Specificity inASP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614

Laurent Garcia, Stephane Ngoma, and Pascal Nicolas

Foundations of Reasoning and Decision Makingunder Uncertainty

Generalised Label Semantics as a Model of Epistemic Vagueness . . . . . . . 626Jonathan Lawry and Ines Gonzalez-Rodrıguez

Handling Analogical Proportions in Classical Logic and Fuzzy LogicsSettings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638

Laurent Miclet and Henri Prade

Qualitative Possibilities and Necessities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651Aleksandar Perovic, Zoran Ognjanovic, Miodrag Raskovic, andZoran Markovic

Probabilistic Reasoning by SAT Solvers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663Emad Saad

Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic

Supporting Fuzzy Rough Sets in Fuzzy Description Logics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676Fernando Bobillo and Umberto Straccia

Possibilistic Measures Taking Their Values in Spaces Given byInclusion-Closed Fragments of Power-Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 688

Ivan Kramosil

XVI Table of Contents

Different Representations of Fuzzy Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700Jiuzhen Liang, Mirko Navara, and Thomas Vetterlein

Elicitating Sugeno Integrals: Methodology and a Case Study . . . . . . . . . . 712Henri Prade, Agnes Rico, Mathieu Serrurier, and Eric Raufaste

Implementation and Applications of UncertainSystems

Robust Gene Selection from Microarray Data with a Novel MarkovBoundary Learning Method: Application to Diabetes Analysis . . . . . . . . . 724

Alex Aussem, Sergio Rodrigues de Morais, Florence Perraud, andSophie Rome

Brain Tumor Segmentation Using Support Vector Machines . . . . . . . . . . . 736Raouia Ayachi and Nahla Ben Amor

Ensemble Learning for Multi-source Information Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748Jorg Beyer, Kai Heesche, Werner Hauptmann, Clemens Otte, andRudolf Kruse

Bayesian Belief Network for Tsunami Warning Decision Support . . . . . . . 757Lilian Blaser, Matthias Ohrnberger, Carsten Riggelsen, andFrank Scherbaum

Anti-division Queries with Ordinal Layered Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769Patrick Bosc, Olivier Pivert, and Olivier Soufflet

Predicting Stock and Portfolio Returns Using Mixtures of TruncatedExponentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

Barry R. Cobb, Rafael Rumı, and Antonio Salmeron

Logics for Reasoning under Uncertainty

Non-deterministic Distance Semantics for Handling Incomplete andInconsistent Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793

Ofer Arieli and Anna Zamansky

A Simple Modal Logic for Reasoning about Revealed Beliefs . . . . . . . . . . . 805Mohua Banerjee and Didier Dubois

Complexity and Cautiousness Results for Reasoning from PartiallyPreordered Belief Bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817

Salem Benferhat and Safa Yahi

A Logic for Complete Information Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829Md. Aquil Khan and Mohua Banerjee

Table of Contents XVII

Markov Decision Processes

An Uncertainty-Based Belief Selection Method for POMDP ValueIteration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

Qi Feng, Xuezhong Zhou, Houkuan Huang, and Xiaoping Zhang

Optimal Threshold Policies for Multivariate Stopping-TimePOMDPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850

Vikram Krishnamurthy

An Evidential Measure of Risk in Evidential Markov Chains . . . . . . . . . . . 863Helene Soubaras

Mathematical Fuzzy Logic

Algebras of Fuzzy Sets in Logics Based on Continuous TriangularNorms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875

Stefano Aguzzoli, Brunella Gerla, and Vincenzo Marra

Soft Constraints Processing over Divisible Residuated Lattices . . . . . . . . . 887Simone Bova

On the Convergence with Fixed Regulator in Residuated Structures . . . . 899Lavinia Corina Ciungu

Open Partitions and Probability Assignments in Godel Logic . . . . . . . . . . 911Pietro Codara, Ottavio M. D’Antona, and Vincenzo Marra

Exploring Extensions of Possibilistic Logic over Godel Logic . . . . . . . . . . . 923Pilar Dellunde, Lluıs Godo, and Enrico Marchioni

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935