Lecture Note Outline

7/21/2019 Lecture Note Outline

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has neverbeen thisfun and

Doing

Resear

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Review of Related

Literature:Is the meat of research - the foundation of the research

manuscript and barometer of the extent of materials collected,

read, analyzed or referenced (Amorado, 2013)

Is a process of collectin!, selectin! and readin!" referencematerials includin! online resources"to !et rele#ant information

about the problem under in#esti!ation ($a#id, 2002)

Is a synthesis % the combinin! of often #aried and

di#erse ideas, forces or factors into coherent or consistentcomplex % of the literature on a topic (&an, 200')

hos balance beteen the researcher*s ideas and concepts,

and the existin! literature properly referenced by

attribution or citation


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Review of Related

Literature:Resonation

+he problem of corruption has no been more reco!nized

than in the past as one of the intractable conflict dri#ers inthe &hilippines (Aleo 2010) +his is further exacerbated

because conflict and post-conflict situations can pro#ide a

#ery fertile !round for corruption and a host of anomalies

and irre!ularities that undermine peace and de#elopmentinitiati#es in conflict-affected countries (Adriano, 200.

Amorado, 200/. olon!aita, 200. ohnston, 2010)


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Review of Related

Literature:Resonate and Debunk

+here are to emer!in! #ies on social capital as it relates

to the issue of corruption >n one hand, social capital is aneffecti#e tool to combat corruption (ornso#, 200') ut on

the other hand, social capital is in fact a promotion of

corruption (&utnam, 2000)


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Review of Related

Literature:Departure

Aleo echoed that many conflicts and much #iolence today

ori!inate in corruption and bad !o#ernance (2012) +hisfocus re7uires expertise and a deep spirituality of inte!rity

:oe#er, 9pundeh*s (200/) #ie that disre!arded

corruption bein! caused by leadership failure as a result of

moral failin! of politicians, bureaucrats and businessmen is

more useful to consider corruption as a political andeconomic phenomenon


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Theoretical Framework:

A theory, premise, claim or assertion to hich

the study is anchored or has found its position

>ne to to directly-related theoretical

frameors ill do


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Conceptual Framework:

$escripti#e sur#ey (#ariable x - #ariable y)

?orrelation study (independent - dependent)


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Types of Variables:

$ependent #ariable (?riterion #ariable)is the focus or primary interest of the researcher

subect to understand, to describe, to explain or to predict

Independent #ariable (&redictor #ariable)is the factor that influences the dependent #ariable eitherpositi#ely or ne!ati#ely

establishes the causal relationship or association

Workforce

diversity

Organizational

effectiveness


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Types of Variables:

;oderatin! #ariableis one that has a stron! Dcontingent effect on the independent-

dependent #ariable

ithout it, the causal relationship ill not hold true

Inter#enin! #ariableis the factor that surfaces beteen the time the independent #ariable

starts affectin! the dependent #ariableors in the ser#ice of the independent #ariable

explains Dho* independent #ariable affects dependent #ariable

Workforce

diversity

Organizational

effectiveness

Creative

Synergy

Managerial

Epertise


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Research design:

Cesearch ;ethod Euantitati#e

Eualitati#e

Inno#ation (?apstone &roect)

Creative Art

Describe t!e design and its

appropriateness to t!e study


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Research design:


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Research design:


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Research design:


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Research design:


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Research design:Traditions of Qualitative Research

Ethnography/Anthropology

Understanding the social world of people beingstudied throughimmersion in their community to produce detaileddescriptionof people their culture and beliefs!

Phenoenology/Ethnoethodology

Understanding the "constructs# people use ineveryday life tomake sense of their world! Uncovering meaningscontainedwithin conversation or te$t

Conversation analysis%naly&ing the way di'erent conversations arestructuredand the meanings they contain

Discourse analysisExamining the way knowledge is produced within

di'erentdiscourses and the erformances lin uistic st les


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Research respondents:

$escription of respondents (ho)

amplin! size (ho many)

amplin! desi!n (ho ere theyselected)

Address the issue of informed

consent


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/ampling Techni0ue:

imple random samplin! all elements in the population are considered andeach element has an e7ual chance of bein! chosen

ystematic samplin! e#ery nth element in the population is chosenstartin! from a random point

tratified random samplin! population is first di#ided into meanin!ful se!ments(ith same attributes). thereafter subects are dran in

proportion to their ori!inal numbers in the population


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/ampling Techni0ue:

?luster samplin!!roups that ha#e hetero!eneous members are firstidentified. then some are chosen at random

Area samplin! cluster samplin! ithin a particular area or locality

$ouble samplin! same sample or a subset of the sample is studied

tice

?on#enience samplin! most easily accessible members are chosen as

subects


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/ampling Techni0ue:

&urposi#e samplin!4(samples are taen based on a set criteria)

ud!ment samplin! respondents are selected on the basis of their

expertise in the subect in#esti!ated

Euota samplin!

respondents are con#eniently chosen from tar!eted!roups accordin! to some predetermined number or

7uota


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Research instrument:

$escription of the instrumentForm

calin!

Galidation and reliability issue

Interpretation table$etails of the manufacturer, calibration criteria and

recordin! settin!s (for e7uipment)

7uestionnaire

test inter#ie

obser#ation schedule

checlist

Constructed"dopted

Modified


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Research instrument:

Galidation of the instrument3 expert #alidatorsGalidation paca!e4

Form

tatement of the &roblemur#ey 7uestionnaire H checlist


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/cale:


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/cale:

>rdinal caleis used to ran the preferences or usa!e of #ariousbrands of a product by indi#iduals and to ran order

indi#iduals, obects, or e#ents

e!end4 1 bein! the most used system

0 is not used

Apple

?ompa7

?opm BA

$ell computer ther (specify)


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/cale:Inter#al cale

is used hen responses to #arious items thatmeasure a #ariable can be tapped on a fi#e-point (or

any other number of points) scale

+ypes4

#$%ikert Scale(de!ree of a!reement or disa!reement)&$Semantic Differential Scale(attitude toards bipolar attributes)

'$(umerical Scale(same ith semantic differential but uses numbers)

)$*temized Rating Scale(same ith liert scale but other than a!reement

or disa!reement to item statement)

+$,ied or Constant Sum Scale (distribution of a !i#en number of points

across #arious items)

"te stateent tronglyDisagree

$

Disagree

%

&eitheragreenor

disagree'

Agree

(

tronglydisagree

)

1y 2ob o'ers me a chance totest myself and my abilities


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/cale:

Responsive --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .nresponsive

/eautiful --- --- --- --- --- --- --- .gly

Etremely Etremely

0leased + ) ' & # Displeased

"te stateent &ot at All"nterested

$

oe*hat

"nterested%

+oderately

"nterested'

,ery+uch

"nterested(

3! - have the interest to change the current organi&ational policies 44444

5! - have the interest to change the current management structure 44444oap Points

Color

/hape

/i&e

Te$ture of lather

Total points 366


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/cale:Catio cale

o#ercomes the disad#anta!e of the arbitrary origin ofinter#al scale It has an absolute zero point

it measures not only the ma!nitude of the differences

beteen points on the scale but also taps the proportions in

the difference

Jxample4

1:o many other or!anizations did you or for before

oinin! the institutionK

2&lease indicate the number of children you ha#e in each of

the folloin! cate!ories4

belo 3 years of a!e o#er 6 years but under 12

beteen 3 and 6 12 years and o#er

3 :o many retail outlets do you operateK


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)ata gathering procedures:

ullet form&ermission to conduct study

Formulation of research instrument

Galidation and reliability test

Administration of research instrument

Cetrie#al

+abulation

Analysis and interpretation


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1odes of )ata Collection:

&ersonal or Face-to-Face Inter#ies

+elephone Inter#ies

AD,A&TA-E D"AD,A&TA-ECan establish rapport and motivaterespondentsCan clarify the 0uestions cleardoubts add new 0uestionsCan read nonverbal cues

Rich data can be obtainedCan use visual aids or any materialto clarify points

Takes personal timeCosts more when a wide geographicregion is coveredRespondents may be concernedabout con*dentiality of information

given-nterviewers need to be trainedCan introduce interviewer biasRespondents can terminate theinterview at any time

AD,A&TA-E D"AD,A&TA-E

Less costly and speedier thanpersonal interviewsCan reach a wide geographic area7reater anonymity than personalinterviews

8onverbal cues cannot be read-nterviews will have to be kept shortRegular updating of contactnumbers


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1odes of )ata Collection:

Jlectronic EuestionnaireAD,A&TA-E D"AD,A&TA-E

(asy to administerCan reach globallyVery ine$pensiveFast deliveryRespondents can answer at their

convenience

Computer literacy is a mustRespondents must have access tothe facilityRespondents must be willing tocomplete the survey


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Type of )ata /amples:


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/tatistical tool:

Fre7uency (nominal, ordinal)

&ercenta!e (nominal, ordinal)

?entral tendency theorem - mean, median, mode

(inter#al, ratio)

tandard de#iation (inter#al, ratio)

+-test (test of difference beteen 2 !roups % nominal to inter#al,ratio)

Ano#a HF-test (test of difference amon! multiple !roups -

nominal to inter#al, ratio)

?hi-s7uare (test of relationship % nominal to nominal)

Fisher exact probability test (test of relationship % nominal to

nominal )

?ochran E test (test of relationship % nominal to nominal)


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/tatistical tool:

&earson-r (test of relationship % inter#al, ratio)9endall*s ran (test of relationship % ordinal to ordinal)

pearman*s ran (test of relationship % ordinal to ordinal)

;ultiple re!ression (test of relationship % multiple predictor

#ariables % inter#al, ratio)

+ime-series (trendin!Hforecastin! % nominal, ordinal)Factor analysis (nominal, ordinal)


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1atching of /cales = /tatistical tool:

,ariates Dependent ,ariable tatistical Toolne < nominal ne > nominal Chi nominal ne > ordinal /ign test1edian test1ann ;allis 3 nominal ne > interval %novane > nominal 1ultiple > interval 1ultiple discriminant

analysis

ne > ordinal ne < ordinal /pearman#s rank@endall#s rank

ne > ordinal ne > interval %nova


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1atching of /cales = /tatistical tool:

,ariates Dependent ,ariable tatistical Tool1ultiple > nominal ne > ordinal Friedman 5 nominal ne > interval %nova

1ultiple > nominal 1ultiple > interval %nova

1ultiple > interval ne > nominal %nova1ultiple discriminant

1ultiple > interval ne > interval Regression analysis1ultiple Regressionanalysis

1ultiple > interval 1ultiple > nominal %nova1ultiple > interval 1ultiple > ordinal 1ultiple discriminant

analysis

1ultiple > interval 1ultiple > interval 1ultiple Regressionanalysis

Canonical correlation


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Thank AouB

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