Lecture Ia H2O
-
Upload
martinmulinge -
Category
Documents
-
view
3 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Lecture Ia H2O
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 1/53
LECTURE Ia
General introduction & water
BCH 101
STRUCTURE OF BIOMOLECULES
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 2/53
Course Outline
2
BCH 101: STRUCTURE OF BIOMOLECULES
Structure o !io"olecule#: Structure$ c%e"i#tr$ occurrence$
cla##iication and unction o !io"olecule#$ water$ 'H and
!uer#( carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins; Introduction to
enzymes: classification, properties, specificity, theories of binding
to substrates and the active site concept; Lipids and
Eicosanoids: functions, properties, classifications; the
nucleosides; nucleotides and the nucleic acids structure, functions
and properties; Chemical and 3! structures of !"# and $"#;
%ualitative and &uantitative identification of lipids, carbohydrates,nucleic acids and proteins; #nalysis of biochemical components of
naturally occurring materials by separation methods'
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 3/53
3
(chematic relationship bet)een biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology
Function
Gene#)rotein#
Bioc%e"i#tr
Molecular Biolo*
Genetic#
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 4/53
*
+ Biochemistry is the study of molecules (e.g. proteins).
Biochemists take an organism or cell and dissect it into itsmolecular components, such as enzymes, lipids and DNA,and reconstitute them in test tubes (in vitro).
+ Genetics is the study of the eect of genetic dierences onorganisms. ften this can be inferred by the absence of anormal component (e.g. one gene).
+ !olecular biology is the study of biology at a molecularle"el. #he $eld o"erlaps %ith other areas of biology,particularly genetics and biochemistry. !olecular biology
concerns itself %ith understanding the interactionsbet%een the "arious systems of a cell, including theinterrelationship of DNA, &NA and protein synthesis andlearning ho% these interactions are regulated.
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 5/53
Macromolecules
..
Car!o%drate#
+ucleic ,cid#)rotein#
L
i'id#
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 6/53
H2O
t t
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 7/53
2 : e o ecu e at upports
All of Life
+ 'ater is the biological medium on arth
+ All li"ing organisms reuire %ater more thanany other substance
+ !ost cells are surrounded by %ater, and cellsthemsel"es are about *+-/ %ater
+ #he abundance of %ater is the main reason thearth is habitable
-
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 8/53
.
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 9/53
/
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 10/53
0he 1ater olecule
+ 'ater is a simple tri0atomic molecule, 12
+ ach 01 bond is highly polar , because of the highelectronegati"ity of the o2ygen
+ bond angle of %ater 3 4+o
+ due to the bent shape, the 01 bond polarities do notcancel. #his means5 water is a polar molecule.
4
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 11/53
T%e -ater Molecule
6 is the lo%ercase 7reek symbol delta
60
68 68H H
O
5 means a
partial negative
charge
56 means a
partial positive
charge
0hus, )ater has a partialnegative end (0xygen) and
a partial positive end
(Hydrogen), and it is called
7polar8 because of these
areas of difference
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 12/53
Hdro*en!ond
–
H
+
H
O
. .
. .
+
+
+
–
–
–
'ater9s bentshape and abilityto hydrogen
bond gi"es itmany specialproperties:
2
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 13/53
T%e 'ro'etie# o -ater Molecule
• Four of ater!s properties thatfacilitate an en"ironment for life are5
9 ;ohesi"e beha"ior
9 Ability to moderate temperature
9 2pansion upon freezing
9 <ersatility as a sol"ent
3
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 14/53
Cohesion
+ ;ollecti"ely, hydrogen bonds hold %ater
molecules together, a phenomenon calledcohesion
+ ;ohesion helps the transport of %ater againstgra"ity in plants
+ Adhesion is an attraction bet%een dierentsubstances, for e2ample, bet%een %ater andplant cell %alls.
*
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 15/53
-ater/conductin*
cell#
,d%e#ion
Co%e#ion
10 "
2irection
o water
"o3e"ent
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 16/53
+ Surface tension is a measure of ho% hard it is
to break the surface of a liuid+ =urface tension is related to cohesion
+ ne %ater molecule can hydrogen bond to
another because of this electrostatic attraction.+ Also, hydrogen bonding occurs %ith many other
molecules surrounding them on all sides.
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 17/53
(urface 0ension
A %ater molecule in themiddle of a solution ispulled in all directions.
-
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 18/53
Surace Ten#ion
+ "ot true at the surface.
+ #hey are pulled down and to each side, notup%ard since the %aterand air are not
attracted to each other.+ #his holds themolecules at thesurface together tightly.
+ #his causes surfacetension#
.
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 19/53
Surace Ten#ion
+ 'ater drops are
rounded, becauseall molecules onthe edge are pulledto the middle, notout%ard to the air:
+ A drop has theleast amount of
surface area forany gi"en "olume.
/
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 20/53
Moderation of Temperature
+ 'ater absorbs heat from %armer air andreleases stored heat to cooler air
+ 'ater can absorb or release a large
amount of heat %ith only a slight changein its o%n temperature
24
' 9 1i h = i$ 1
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 21/53
'ater9s 1igh =peci$c 1eat
+ #he speci$c heat of a substance is theamount of heat that must be absorbed orlost for 4 g of that substance to changeits temperature by 4>;
+ #he speci$c heat of %ater is 4 cal?g?>;
+ 'ater resists changing its temperature
because of its high speci$c heat
2
i h i$
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 22/53
+ 'ater9s high speci$c heat can be tracedto hydrogen bonding
9 1eat is absorbed %hen hydrogen bonds break
9 1eat is released %hen hydrogen bonds form
+ #he high speci$c heat of %ater minimizestemperature @uctuations to %ithin limitsthat permit life
'ater9s 1igh =peci$c 1eat
22
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 23/53
"aporati"e ;ooling
+ Evaporation is transformation of a substance
from liuid to gas+ Heat of %apori&ation is the heat a liuid
must absorb for 4 g to be con"erted to gas
+ As a liuid e"aporates, its remaining surfacecools, a process called e%aporati%e cooling
+ "aporati"e cooling of %ater helps stabilize
temperatures in organisms and bodies of%ater
23
' i f i
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 24/53
'(pansion upon free&ing
+ ce @oats in liuid %ater because hydrogenbonds in ice are more ordered,C making iceless dense
+ 'ater reaches its greatest density at E;
+ f ice sank, all bodies of %ater %oulde"entually freeze solid, making lifeimpossible on arth
2*
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 25/53
Hdro*en
!ondLi4uid water
Hdro*en !ond# !rea5 and re/or"Ice
Hdro*en !ond# are #ta!le
2
ig' 3a
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 26/53
g
Hdro*en
!ondLi4uid water Hdro*en !ond# !rea5 and re/or"
IceHdro*en !ond# are #ta!le
2
h S l f if
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 27/53
The Sol%ent of Life
+ A solution is a liuid that is a homogeneous
mi2ture of substances
+ A sol%ent is the dissol"ing agent of asolution
+ #he solute is the substance that is dissol"ed+ An a)ueous solution is one in %hich %ater
is the sol"ent
2-
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 28/53
+ 'ater is a "ersatile sol"ent due to its polarity,
%hich allo%s it to form hydrogen bonds easily+ 'hen an ionic compound is dissol"ed in
%ater, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of%ater molecules called a hydration shell
2.
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 29/53
Cl 6
+a
Cl 6
7 7
7
7
7
7
7 7
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
+a7
6
6
6
7
2/
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 30/53
+ 'ater can also dissol"e compounds made
of nonionic polar molecules+ "en large polar molecules such as
proteins can dissol"e in %ater if they
ha"e ionic and polar regions
34
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 31/53
8a9 L#o"e "olecule in a
nona4ueou# en3iron"ent
8!9 L#o"e "olecule 8'ur'le9 in an a4ueou#
en3iron"ent
8c9 Ionic and 'olar re*ion#
on t%e 'rotein;# #urace attract water "olecule#<
3
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 32/53
=ubstances
+ A hydrophilic substance is one that hasan aFnity for %ater
+ A hydrophobic substance is one that
does not ha"e an aFnity for %ater+ il molecules are hydrophobic because
they ha"e relati"ely nonpolar bonds
+ A colloid is a stable suspension of $neparticles in a liuid
32
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 33/53
=olutions
+ !ost biochemical reactions occur in %ater
+ ;hemical reactions depend on collisions ofmolecules and therefore on the concentrationof solutes in an aueous solution
33
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 34/53
+ Molecular mass is the sum of all massesof all atoms in a molecule
+ Numbers of molecules are usuallymeasured in moles, %here 4
mole *mol+3 G.+H 2 4+HI molecules
+ A"ogadro9s number and the unit dalton %ere de$ned such that G.+H 2 4+HI daltons3 4 g
+ Molarity *M+ is the number of moles ofsolute per liter of solution
3*
S l ti C t ti
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 35/53
Solution Concentrations
2pressed as a ratio of the amount ofsolute to the total amount of solution5
Concentration < #mount of solute
0otal amount of solution
grams
mL
=>, w/v ?
3
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 36/53
cont,
2pressed as a ratio of the amount ofsolute to the total amount of solution5
Concentration < #mount of solute
0otal amount of solution
moles
Liters
= molarity, M ?
3
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 37/53
/ ;oncentration has multiplier of 4++ toplace ratio on parts per 4++C basis5
@rams of solute
mL of solution>, w/v < A 44
3-
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 38/53
Jractice situation5*'- grams of "aCl is dissolved in sufficient )ater to
maBe -4 mL of solution'
1hat is the > =w/v ? concentration of this solution
@rams of solute
mL of solution>, w/v < A 44
> <*'- g
-4 mLA 44 < 4'33 >
0he gDmL units are understood but not included' 3.
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 39/53
4'33>
"aCl
0he concentration is0he concentration is
4'33 > =4'33 > =w/v w/v ?'?'
*'- grams of "aCl is dissolved in sufficient )ater to
maBe -4 mL of solution'
1hat is the > =w/ v? concentration of this solution
-4 mL
3/
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 40/53
Another52' grams of 2(F* is dissolved in sufficient )ater to maBe
4'44 liters of solution'
1hat is the > =w/ v? concentration of this solution
@rams of solute
mL of solution>, w/v < A 44
> <2' g
44 mLA 44 < 2'4 >
0he gDmL units are understood but not included'
(olution volume units must be converted from liters to mL
before doing calculations: 4'44 L < 44 mL'
*4
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 41/53
nce kno%n, the solution concentration%ork as a con"ersion factor.
EGamples =all are wt/vol percents?:
4'. > "aClmeansH
4'. g "aCl < 44 mL solution
and the conversion factors areH
4'. g "aCl
44 mL solution
*
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 42/53
Ksing the concentration as a con"ersionfactor5
EGamples =all are wt/vol percents?:
1hat mass of "aCl is present in 2444 mL of 4'.>"aCl solution
4'.>
"aCl
o) much dissolved "aCl is ino) much dissolved "aCl is in
this 2444 mL of saline solutionthis 2444 mL of saline solution
*2
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 43/53
Ksing the concentration as a con"ersionfactor5
EGamples =all areEGamples =all are wt/vol wt/vol percents?:percents?:
4'. g "aCl
44 mL solution
1hat mass of "aCl is present in 2444 mL of 4'.>"aCl solution
2444 mL soln2444 mL soln AA << -'4 g "aCl-'4 g "aCl
*3
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 44/53
Ksing the concentration as a con"ersionfactor5
EGamples =all are wt/vol percents?:
1hat mass of "aCl is present in 2444 mL of 4'.>"aCl solution
4'.>
"aCl
-'4 grams of dissolved "aCl is
present in 2444 mL of this
solution
**
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 45/53
Ksing the concentration as a con"ersionfactor5
EGamples =all are wt/vol percents?:
1hat volume of 4'.> "aCl solution should contain 2'4
grams of dissolved "aCl
4'.>
"aCl
1hat volume )ill contain1hat volume )ill contain
2'4 grams of dissolved2'4 grams of dissolved
"aCl"aCl
*
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 46/53
Ksing the concentration as a con"ersionfactor5
EGamples =all are wt/vol percents?:
1hat volume of 4'.> "aCl solution should contain2'4 grams of dissolved "aCl
2'4 g "aCl2'4 g "aCl AA << 2/* mL soln2/* mL soln4'. g4'. g "aCl"aCl
44 mL44 mL solutionsolution
*
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 47/53
Ksing the concentration as a con"ersionfactor5
EGamples =all areEGamples =all are wt/vol wt/vol percents?:percents?:
1hat volume of 4'.> "aCl solution should contain2'4 grams of dissolved "aCl
4'.>
"aCl
2/* mL of this solution contains2/* mL of this solution contains
2'4 grams of dissolved "aCl'2'4 grams of dissolved "aCl'
*-
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 48/53
MolaritMolarit
< <oles of soluteoles of solute
Liters of solutionLiters of solution
*'- grams of "aCl is dissolved in sufficient )ater to maBe
-4 mL of solution'
1hat is the molarity of "aCl in this solution
1e previously determined this solution to be 4'33>;
)hat is its molarity*.
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 49/53
olarity
<oles of solute
Liters of solution
0he *'- grams of "aCl )ill need to be converted to moles
before the calulations are done'
(imilarly, to maBe units match, the -4 mL )ill be
converted to liters'
*/
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 50/53
olarity
<oles of solute
Liters of solution
*'- grams of "aCl is dissolved in sufficient )ater to maBe-4 mL of solution' <
*'- g "aCl A < 4'4.2 mole "aCl
.' g "aCl
mole "aCl
-4 mL A < 4'-4 L444 mL
Liter
4
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 51/53
*'- grams of "aCl is dissolved in sufficient )ater to maBe
-4 mL of solution' <
4'4.2 mole "aCl
4'-4 L
<oles of solute
Liters of solution
< 4'4. M "aCl
< 4'4. moles "aClDL
<4'4.2 moles "aCl
4'-4 Liters of solution
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 52/53
4'33>
4'4. M
"aCl
0he concentration is
4'33 > =w/v ? and H
is 4'4. M
*'- grams of "aCl is dissolved in sufficient )ater to
maBe -4 mL of solution'
1hat is the > =w/ v? concentration of this solution and
)hat is its molarity
-4 mL2
7/17/2019 Lecture Ia H2O
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/lecture-ia-h2o 53/53
#
<