Lecture - Examination of Drugs of Abuse 1 - Spot Tests

8/10/2019 Lecture - Examination of Drugs of Abuse 1 - Spot Tests

1/24

EXAMINATION OF DRUGS OF ABUSE

Gross Visual Examination

Marijuana Hashish Hashish Oil

Psilocybe Cubensis

Plant material is typically sufficiently distinctive toenable identification.

Cannabis Mushrooms Peyote (cactus)

Admixed with a powdered drug


2/24


3/24

Chemical Spot (Screening) Tests

Colour-generating chemical spot

tests will not identify a specificsubstance, but can be used todistinguish classes of drug whichreact in the same fashion.

Spot tests (reagents) include:

Reagent Principle Drug

Dille-Koppanyi Duquenois-Levine Ehrlich's

Froehdes KN Mandelin Marquis Mayers Mecke's Nitric Acid Scotts Simons Ephedrine Valium/Diazepam

BarbituratesCannabinoidsHallucinogens

PentazocineCannabinoidsAmphetaminesOpiatesGeneralMeth/AmphetaminesHeroin/Morphine

CocaineMethamphetamines


4/24

Dille-Koppanyi Reagent

A Spot Test for Barbiturates

Barbital

N

NO

O

O

H

H

CH3

CH3

Pentobarbital

N

NO

O

O

H

H

CHCH2CH

2CH

3

CH3

CH2CH

3

Secobarbital

N

NO

O

O

H

H

CHCH2CH

2CH

3

CH3

CH2CH=CH

2


5/24

Dille-Koppanyi Reagent

A Spot Test for Barbiturates

Solution 1 1% cobalt acetate in methanol

Co(C2H3O2)2

Solution 2 5% isopropylamine in methanol

CH3CH(CH3)NH2

Positive Barbiturates - lavender-blue


6/24

Duquenois-Levine Reagent

A Spot Test for Cannabis - Marijuana; Hashish;

Hashish Oil and Cannabinoids.

Cannabinol

O

OH

CH3

CH3

CH2(CH

2)3CH

3

CH3

Cannabidiol

OH

CH2(CH

2)3CH

3

CH3

CH3

CH2 OH

9-Tetrahydrocannabinol

O

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2(CH

2)3CH

3


7/24

Duquenois-Levine Reagent

Solution 1 2% vanillin & 1% ethanal Solution 2 concentrated HCl Solution 3 chloroform

O

HOH

OMe

CH3

H

O

HCl CHCl3

Positive Marijuana purple/black


8/24

Ehrlich's Reagent (Van Urks Reagent)

A Spot Test for LSD, psilocin and psilocybin

LSD

N

NH

H CH3

H

O

NCH

2CH

3

CH2CH

3

Psilocin 4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine

Psilocybin 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine

Baeocystin 4-phosphoryloxy-N-methyltryptamine

N

H

N CH3(H)CH

3

OR

d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a syntheticchemical derived from ergot alkaloids which are

produced by the ergot fungus which grows on rye.

The indoles psilocin,psilocybin and

baeocystin are obtainedfrom magic mushrooms.


9/24

Ehrlich's Reagent (Van Urks Reagent)

Solution 1 1%p-dimethylaminobenzaldehydein 10% HCl (aq) (H2SO4(aq))

O

H

N

CH3

CH3

Positive LSD- purplePsilocin- blue-greyPsilocybin- red-brown


10/24

Froehdes Reagent

A Spot Test for Opioids

Pentazocine (Talwin)2-dimethylallyl-5,9-dimethyl-2'-hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphan

OH

CH3

CH3

N CH3

CH3

Solution 1 0.5 g molybdic acid or sodiummolybdate [Na2MoO4] in 100ml conc. H2SO4.

Positive Opioids- pink


11/24

KN (Fast Blue B Salt) Reagent

A Spot Test for Cannabis - Marijuana; Hashish;

Hashish Oil and Cannabinoids.

Solution 1 Fast Blue B salt

OCH3

O CH3

N+

NN+

N

[ZnCl4-

]2

Positive Cannabinoids- Reddish-purple


12/24

Mandelin Reagent

A Spot Test for Alkaloids and Amphetamines.

Methadone

CH2

O

CH3

CH

CH3

N

CH3

CH3

Ephedrine

OH

CH3

N

H

CH3

Mescaline

N

O

O

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

H

H


13/24

Mandelin Reagent

A Spot Test for Alkaloids and Amphetamines.

Solution 1 1% ammonium vanadate[NH4VO3] in conc. H2SO4(sg: 1.84)

Positive Ephedrinesulphate - brick-red

Mescalinehydrochloride -Orange turning to Yellow orGreen


14/24

Marquis Reagent

A Spot Test for Narcotic analgesics and

Meth/Amphetamines

Opiates OpioidsMorphine Oxycodone

OOH OH

N

CH3

O

N

CH3

MeO O

OH

Codeine Hydrocodone, Methadone

O OH

N

CH3

MeO Thebaine

O

N

CH3

MeO OMe

Heroin

diamorphine/diacetylmorphine

Papaverine, Narcotine, Porphyroxine

OO O

N

CH3

O O

CH3 CH3


15/24

Marquis Reagent

Some colours obtained in the Marquis tests forMeth/Amphetamines

Solution 1 40% formaldehyde (aq) in 100 ml.

conc. H2SO4(sg: 1.84)

Positive most opium derivatives- purplemethamphetaminesandamphetamines dark purple toyellow


16/24

Marquis Reagent - Other colours

2C-T-2 Orange to Red (usually a sort of

salmon colour)

2C-T-7 Orange to Red (salmon, again; also,there is less tendency towards orangethan 2C-T-2 shows)

4-Acetoxy-DiPT Dirty (blackish) olive

4-MTA No colour change

5-MeO-DiPT Fizzes then turns yellow quicklychanging to a slightly rusty orange

Alpha-Methyl-DiPT

Fizzes then turns brown

AMT Dark brownish-yellow

Benzylpiperazine No colour change, but it causes thereagent to fizz. Looks like when youpour hydrogen peroxide on a cut.

DiPT Fizzes strongly then turns a neonyellow

DPT Dirty olive

Opiates Pink to Purple

Phenolphthalein Crimson

PMA No colour change

Harmine Fizzes slightly, much less so than BZP,and turns a brown-orange rust colour.

Yohimbine Fizzes slightly, much less so than BZP.Slowly (up to a minute), it will turn anolive green colour.


17/24

Mayers Reagent

A General Spot Test for Alkaloids

Narcotic Alkaloids Morphine; Heroin

CocaineMethyl-benzoyl-ecgonine

O

N

CH3

O O CH2CH

3

O

Benzoyl-ecgonine

O

N

CH3

O OH

O

Other Ergot AlkaloidsErgotamineErgosineErgovalineErgostine

ErgocornineErgocristine

Ecgonine

OH

N

CH3

O OH


18/24

Mayers Reagent

A General Spot Test for Alkaloids

Solution 1 Potassium mercuric-iodide [KHgI](aq)

Positive Cream-coloured precipitate


19/24

Meckes Reagent

A Spot Test for Meth/Amphetamines and all

types of Heroin

Ecstacy tablets

MDA MDMA MDEA

MBDB 2CB Speed


20/24

Meckes Reagent


types of Heroin

MDA 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine MDMA methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine MDEA methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine MBDB N-methyl-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-

butanamine

O

O

Me NH2

O

O

Me NH

Me

O

O

Me NH

Et

O

O

Et NH

Me

2CB 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine

Speed dl--methylphenethylamine(amphetamine)

NH2

OMe

Br

OMe

Me NH2


21/24

Meckes Reagent


types of Heroin

Solution 1 1 g. selenious acid in 100 ml. conc.H2SO4(sg: 1.84)

Positive rapidly turns dark green/turquoise

and then dark blue(almost black)


22/24

Scotts Reagent

A Spot Test for Cocaine and some Synthetic

Anaesthetics

CocaineCocaine is a naturally derivedCNS (central nervous system)stimulant extracted and refinedfrom the Coca plant.

O

O

NCH3

O OMe

Procaine

O

O

NH2

NCH

3CH

2

CH2CH

3

Tetracain

O

O

N

NCH

3

CH3

H

C4H

9

Coca plant

Cocaine


23/24

Scotts Reagent

A Spot Test for Cocaine and some Synthetic

Anaesthetics

Solution 1 2% cobalt thiocyanate [Co(SCN)2]in water and glycerine (1:1)

Solution 2 Conc. HCl Solution 3 Chloroform

Positive

o Powdered cocaine turns solution A blueo Colour turns pinkon adding solution Bo Bluecolour appears in the chloroform layer

on adding C.


24/24

Simons Reagent

A Spot Test for Methamphetamines

Solution 1 1 g sodium nitroprusside[Na2Fe(CN)5NO] and 2 mlacetaldehyde in 50 ml water.

Solution 2 2% (w/v) sodium carbonate (aq).

Positive dark blue

Lecture - Examination of Drugs of Abuse 1 - Spot Tests

Documents

Transcript of Lecture - Examination of Drugs of Abuse 1 - Spot Tests