Lecture Chapter 8 Thinking
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PSY 2012 General Psychology
Chapter 8: Thinking and Intelligence
Samuel ! "athe#s$ Ph!%! &ssociate Pro'essor
The %epartment o' Psychology
The (ni)ersity o' *est +lorida
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e)ie# 'rom ,"emory-
. *orking "emory 'unctions to process
in'ormation 'or encoding into /ong Term
"emory
Processes o' rehearsal relate to ho# #ell
in'ormation can e retrie)ed 'rom memory
Organization o' in'ormation relates to ho# #ellin'ormation can e retrie)ed and to #hat #e
can do #ith that in'ormation
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Thinking: o# is it di''erent 'rom
rememering3
. Thinking in)ol)es not only retrie)ing
in'ormation ut also doing something #ith
it
%eciding something
Sol)ing a prolem
4udging something
Creating something
+inding something
5tc!$
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Thinking: *hat6s in)ol)ed3
. Concepts7mental representations
. Contents o' Concepts:
Classes or categories dogs$ ooks$ etc!$9 &ttriutes or characteristics red$ tall$ pain'ul9
&stractions or nontangile ideas lo)e$ hate9
Procedures or processes ho# to do ;;;;9
Goals or intentions 'uture plans9
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Thinking: *hat6s in our thoughts3
. Types o' Concepts
Natural:
. ed until #e are asked to de'ine
the natural concepts
Artificial:
. (sually ased on 'ormal set o' e=periences
.
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Thinking: *hat6s in our thoughts3
. Concepts typically ased on prototypes:
General representations linguistic or )isual9
that represent the o@ect or class ut may not
represent an indi)idual memer
The idea o' ,ird- may not e an indi)idual ut
some comination o' attriutes that allo#s usto identi'y #hat is ,ird- and ,not ird!-
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Argani>ation o' our thoughts:
. ierarchical:
+rom most inclusi)e and general to less
inclusi)e and more speci'ic
"ammalBuadraped%og
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Argani>ation o' our thoughts: Culture and
Indi)idual %i''erences
. Indi)iduals6 o#n e=perience #ith le)els o'a hierarchy #ill determine the uniueorgani>ation o' the hierarchy!
. Collecti)e cultural9 e=periences can leadto roader agreement on de'initions o'concepts!
. %i''erent de'initions o' concepts can leadto )ery di''erent outcomes in prolem
sol)ing$ decision making$ etc!
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Thinking$ 5=pectations$ and Predictions
. Argani>ation o' in'ormation in schemas
leads us to create e=pectations andpredictions #ith little in'ormation
.The constructive nature o' memory isased on our making in'erences ased onincomplete kno#ledge
. Gi)en competing interpretations$ #e tendto adopt those that are in agreement #ithour schema
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Thinking$ 5=pectations$ and Predictions
. Scripts
Schema 'or process or seuence o' e)entsD
Scripts are use'ul in routine seuences o'
e)ents e!g! 'ast 'ood restaurantD listening to a
lecture9
Scripts allo# us to operate on ,automatic- as
long as things are predictale!
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Scripts$ Schemas$ and Con'lict
. Scripts or schemas ased on narro# sets
o' e=periences can lead the indi)idual to
@udge others6 eha)ior 'rom a iased
perspecti)e
. Indi)iduals and cultures #ith con'licting
scripts or schemas 'reuently e=perience
challenges in communication
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Thinking: Considered eason or
(nconscious Process
. &utomatic:
Thinking that occurs as a matter o' haitD
Thinking that typically reuires little e''ortD
Thinking that is impacted y e=isting iasesD +reuently leads to less than optimal outcomes
. Controlled:
Thinking that is goal directed
Thinking that reuires intentional e''ort
Thinking ased on analysis o' e=isting iases
+reuently leads to more optimal outcomes etter
choices and decisions9
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+unctions o' Thinking: ProlemSol)ing
. ProlemSol)ing Sternerg$ 1E8FD 2009 ecogni>ing there is a prolem
. "onitoring the situation to recogni>e some goal is
not eing met
Consider multiple problem definitions yanaly>ing conte=t and identi'ying a goal
epresenting or categori>ing in'ormationaout the prolem
+ ti ' Thi ki P l S l i
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+unctions o' Thinking: ProlemSol)ing
Sternerg$ 1E8F$ 2009
. Constructing or identi'ying a strategy 'or sol)ing
the prolem consider multiple strategies9
. Identi'y and allocate resources needed to carry
out the solution strategy
. "onitor progress o' the solution strategy
. 5)aluate the solution strategy y otaining
'eedack
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Thinking as Prolem Sol)ing
Selecting or de)eloping a strategy. &lgorithm:
Prede'ined set o' proceduresD
Gi)en the procedures are carried out the outcome ispredictale
*orks est 'or routine prolems 'iguring out ho# muchmileage your car gets per gallon9
. euristic: General rule that may #ork most o' the time
ules that typically apply to most prolems
*orking
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Thinking as Prolem Sol)ing
. Prolems #ith Prolem Sol)ing
"ental Set. Perceptual Set7percei)ing the prolem 'rom only
one perspecti)e radiation treatment prolem7in
class discussion9
. esponse Set7accessing only one solution
response ,it6s the #ay #e6)e al#ays done it-9
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Thinking as Prolem Sol)ing
. Prolems #ith Prolem Sol)ing
Functional fixedness:. +ocusing on one aspect o' a potential solution
#hen another aspect might e more success'ul
Self-imposed limitations A Self-
Handicapping :
. Creating limits to protect one6s status or pre)ent
one 'rom 'ailing
. "ay e ,unconscious- to the indi)idual may e
ased on percei)ed social status7se=$ race9
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Thinking as %ecision"aking
. %ecisionmaking implies selecting one course o'
action o)er one or more othersD. %ecisionmaking 'reuently encountered as
deductive reasoning 7constructing logical
conclusions ased on in'ormationD
. %ecisionmaking ranges 'rom lo# stakes
decisions e!g! #hat shoes to #earD #hat to
#atch on t!)!9 to high stakes decisions e!g! #hat
career to 'ollo#D #hether to use illegal drugs ornot9
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Thinking as %ecision"aking:
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Thinking as %ecision"aking:
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ProlemSol)ing and %ecision"aking
as Critical Thinking
. Those #ho make good decisions andsol)e prolems #ith higher le)els o'
success share characteristics o' critical
thin"ing
Thinking is goal directed
Thinking is ased on logic and reliale
in'ormation
Ane6s o#n assumptions and iases areuestioned 'irst
Ather6s assumptions and assertions are
uestioned
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ProlemSol)ing and %ecision"aking
as Critical Thinking
. Critical thinking cont6d9
&ssertions are supported #ith )alid and
reliale supporting data
<ernati)e and oppositional )ie#s are
considered 'airly
Contradictory data or e)idence are
considered and re'uted 'airly.
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ProlemSol)ing and %ecision"aking
as Critical Thinking
. Indi)iduals #ho possess a disposition 'or
critical thinking
ha)e the attriutes o' critical thinking as their
normal approach to sol)ing prolems andmaking decisionsD
typically make more adaptale decisions and
sol)e prolems more success'ullyD "odi'y their standpoints ased on logic$ data$
and reason rather than authority$ elie'$ or
ias e!g! a)ailaility$ representati)eness$ etc!9
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Thinking Creati)ely
. %i)ergent rather than con)ergent thinking
seeking multiple possiilities9. igh le)els o' kno#ledge and interest in the
rele)ant domain
. Sees prolems as potentially comple=
. Typically restructures prolems
. Simultaneously seeks interactions #ith other
creati)e indi)iduals and re'lects independent
thinking
. Intelligence and creati)ity relationship comple=
and not direct
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