Lecture by Chid Am Bram

7/31/2019 Lecture by Chid Am Bram

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Earth Sciences Foundation Day Lecture 2011, Ministry of Earth Sciences,

New Delhi ,27thJuly, 2011


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3

Variation of HDI with respect to PCEC

10 100 1000 10000 100000

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

54.3%

99.3%

85.7%

32.7%

86.9%86.8%

89.1%

Percentages indicate female literacy

References:

Human Development Report, 2009

World Bank, 2010

World Factbook, CIA

HumanDevelop

mentIndexin200

7

Per Capita Electricity Consumption in 2007

(kWh/capita/year)

R. Chidambaram 2010

If the female literacy is high, the countrys HDI tends to go above the mean curve. If the

female literacy is low the countrys HDI tends to go below the mean curve.

Percentage Literacy (India)

M F

2001 74 54

2011 85 65

Source: Census 2011


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Expanded use of nuclear technologies offers immense

potential to meet important development needs. In fact,to satisfy energy demands and to mitigate the threat ofclimate change two of the 21st centurys greatestchallenges there are major opportunities for expansion

of nuclear energy in those countries that choose to haveit.from Report on The Role of the IAEA to 2020 and

Beyond, prepared by an independent Commission at the

request of the Director General of the International

Atomic Energy Agency 2008. I was a member of thisCommission.

Lessons will be learnt from the recent Fukushimaaccident, but the above conclusion, in my opinion,

remains unchanged.


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Source IAEA-PRIS

2188

6587

8438

420 606832 1143

1324

2508 2993

3984

564

3580

7220

9115

12990

16810

17705

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

0 0

1746

2188NetElectricalPowerMW(e)

Years

South KoreaChina

India


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Three Stage Indian Nuclear Programme

First Stage:

PHWRs:(Initiated with Canadiancollaboration)Imported watercooled reactors:

FBRs: Second Stage:

Third Stage:

PHWR

FBTR

Natural UO2 fuels

(U-Pu) MOX / MC / MetallicFuels

(U-Pu Closed Cycle)

(Th-Pu/233U MOX/ MetallicFuels

Molten salt fuels

Thorium Utilisation

(Th-U233) closed cycleCourtesy:H.S.Kamat

SEU/MOX fuels

AHWR


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The Indian Advanced Heavy WaterReactor (AHWR-Pu)

AHWR is a 300 MWe vertical pressure tube type, boiling light water cooled and heavywater moderated reactor using 233U-Th MOX and Pu-Th MOX fuel.

Design validation throughextensive experimentalprogramme.

Pre-licensing safetyappraisal by AERB

Site selection in progress.

AHWR Fuel assembly

Bottom Tie Plate

Top Tie Plate

WaterTube

DisplacerRod

FuelPin

Major design objectives

65% of power from Th

Several passive features

3 days grace period No radiological impact

Passive shutdown systemto address insider threat

scenarios.

Design life of 100 years.

Easily replaceable coolantchannels.

AHWR-Pu is an Technology demonstrator for the closed thorium fuel cycleinnovative


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0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070

Year

Installedcapacity(GWe

Nuclear installed

capacity derived from

nuclear energy

growth profile of A1T

scenario and

achieved by closing

the fuel cycle

Growth of installed

capacity with

uranium used in

open fuel cycle to

meet target profile of

A1T scenario

Fig.1: Nuclear installed capacity with open and closed fuel cycle options

from Chidambaram, Sinha & Patwardhan, Nuclear Energy Review 2007

Closing the nuclear fuel cycle is essential if nuclear is to be a sustainable

mitigating technology in the context of the climate change threat. This is in

coherence with Indias three-stage nuclear programme.


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Accelerator driven sub-critical reactor,

using the spallation nuclear reaction.

Thermonuclear fusion MagneticConfinement Fusion (Tokamak) and

Inertial Confinement (Laser-Induced)

Fusion.

For energy as reactors or for energy

amplification and fissile material

breeding as hybrids.


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ITER (International Tokamak Experimental Reactor)

ITER

Fusion Power: 500 MW

Plasma Volume: 840 m3

Plasma Current: 15 MA

Typical Density: 1020 m-3

Typical Temperature: 20 keV

ITER complex at Cadarache, FRANCE

(an artists view)

Joint Venture of 7 parties

Courtesy : Y.C. Saxena


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NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON CLIMATE

CHANGE

Eight Missions are outlined in the National Action Plan on

Climate Change: Solar

Enhanced Energy Efficiency

Sustainable Habitat

Water

Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem

Green India

Sustainable Agriculture

Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change

Of course, much else has also been suggested beyond these 8Missions. Nuclear Energy is not in the above list because the

Department of Atomic Energy is itself a Mission oriented

Agency.

A new (9th) Mission on Clean Coal (Carbon) Technologies isbeing considered


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BHELDevelopment, Design &

Manufacture of Power CycleEquipment, System Engineering,

Test Loops and Evaluation

NTPCDetailed Project Report

Project ManagementOperation and Maintenance

IGCARAdvanced Design Analysis

Materials DevelopmentManufacturing Technology

Testing and Evaluation

MOU&

Synergy

800 MWeAdvanced

Ultra Super CriticalPower Plant


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Water Security

(Courtesy : P.K. Tewari, BARC)

All these require continuous efforts in Research & Innovation

As important as Energy Security and dependent on the latter


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BARC has established a 6300 m3/day (6.3 MLD) NuclearDesalination Demonstration Plant using hybrid Multi-StageFlash-Reverse Osmosis (MSF-RO) technology integrated to

existing PHWR at MAPS (Kalpakkam). It is the largest nucleardesalination plant in the world based on hybrid technology.

Nuclear Desalination- Hybrid MSF-RO

NDDP Kalpakkam-MSF

4.5 Million Litres per Day (MLD)

Stages: 39

Product Quality: Distilled 2-5 ppm

NDDP Kalpakkam-RO

1.8 MLD capacity

Product Quality: Drinking water

(WHO quality)

(Courtesy : P.K. Tewari, BARC)Solar Energy can also be used


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R. Chidambaram

National Knowledge Network


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31 PoP

89 BackboneLinks

1500 Edge Links

National Knowledge NetworkOn Conclusion of Final Phase

Courtesy: R.S. Mani, NIC


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e-Science & e-Research


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NKNNIOT, Chennai

INTERNETConnections to

Global Networksvia TEIN3

NCMRWF, Noida

CMLRE, Kochi

RMC, Guwahati

NCAO, Goa

IMD, New Delhi

IITM, Pune

RMC, Nagpur

ICOIS, Hyderabad

RMC, Kolkata


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Climate Research Applications in India(Shailesh Nayak, P.S.Dhekne & R. Chidambaram)

Speaker: Gufran Beig

Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, INDIA

Ministry of Earth SciencesGovt. of India

Conference on Role of e-infrastructures for Climate Change Research,

16-20 May 2011ICTP-Trieste, Italy


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App. Res. &ProprietaryProduct orProcessDevelopment

(self-

Directed/Mega-Science)

Basic

Research

adapted from R. Chidambaram, Current Science, 2007

Pre-competitive

Applied

Research

Directed

Basic

Research

Innovation Possibilities

Intechnologyareasselected

onthebasisoftechnology

foresightanalysisIn technology areas selectedon the basis of technologyforesight analysis


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R. Chidambaram


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Lecture by Chid Am Bram

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