Lecture - Applied Social Psychology.ppt
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Transcript of Lecture - Applied Social Psychology.ppt
PS31C APPLIED SOCIAL
PSYCHOLOGY
Lecturer: Sophia S. Morgan
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Outline of Lectures – What is Applied Social Psychology?
The following topic areas will be covered over the first 3-4 weeks of classes.
Disciplinary Framework Elements/FeaturesTheoretical FrameworkIssues and challenges in applicationPsychology & Culture
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APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
What is Applied Social Psychology?
Applied social psychology is
“Social psychological research and practice in real world settings directed towards the understanding of human social behaviour and the amelioration of social problems”
Fisher, 1980
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“All science must be applied science, the goal of which is to lighten the toil of everyday life” Galileo
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Disciplinary Framework
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Establishing the Foundation
Applied Social
Psychology
Sociology
Psychology
Social Psychology
Psycho-Socio-Cultural Framework
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Psycho-Socio-Cultural Framework
“In the colonial world the emotional sensitivity of the natives is kept on the surface of the skin like an open sore …”
Frantz Fanon (1965, pg. 56)
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Psycho-Socio-Cultural Framework
Self/Identity
Small Group organisation & Interaction
Social Structures/Collective Power
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Sociology
The study of social institutions and systems
The study of groupsThe study of societyThe study of social lifeThe study of social interaction and
processesThe study of social development
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Sociology
Gender & Family
Education Community &Urban Life
Ethnicity, Race, Cultures
Class & Stratification
SystemsDeviance
Some of the areas we study in Sociology are:
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Sociology
The study of extensive power relationships – Extensive in two ways
a. Time dimension
b. In a geographic and geopolitical sense.
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Sociology
Important sociological questionIs there a set of ideas that are essential for living and meeting
the challenges of the planetary society?
Values identified by V.S. Naipaul Do unto others as you would have
them do to you; The liberalist creed – the pursuit of
happiness is defined in terms of the individual and the context of everyday life.
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Psychology
A definition of psychology would include:
Scientific study of mental & physiological processes
Scientific study of human behaviour
Study of individual differences
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Psychology
Personality
IntelligenceMotivation
Learning &Conditioning
PsychologicalDevelopment
Memory
Some of the areas we study in psychology are
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PsychologyEncompasses physiological, personality,
pathological and unconscious issues
It is the science of mental processes and the effects on behaviour
Behaviour therefore has a strong biological basis – unconscious, unreflexive and uncontrollable
This conceptualization of behaviour affords different pathways to change, such as long-term chemical and therapeutic interventions.
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Social Psychology - Definition
Social Psychology – “the scientific attempt to understand and explain how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviours of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of other human beings” Fiske 2004.
Behaviour is dealt with in a limited and defined context – Focus on the small group
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Social Psychology
Attitude &Behaviour
Attribution
Social Identity &Group
Processes
InterpersonalRelations
Self
SocialCognition
Some of the areas we study in social psychology are:
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Social Psychology Also..
Helps to explain individuals’ behaviours (usually those that are voluntaristic) and interaction
An understanding of the voluntaristic nature of human behaviour helps to pave the way for the interventions of applied social psychology
Brings social and psychological features together as relevant to the analysis of processes.
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Comparing Related Disciplines
Field Level of Cause Level of Effects
Sociology Social Structure, Groups
Groups
Social Psychology
Groups, Individuals Individual affect, cognition & behaviour
Clinical Psychology
Individual Disorders Individual emotional distress
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Basic vs Applied Research
Aspect Basic Applied
Purpose
Activity
Context
Methodologies
Participants
Source: Oskamp & Schultz (1998) Applied Social Psychology
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APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Applied social psychology is
“Social psychological research and practice in real world settings directed towards the understanding of human social behaviour and the amelioration of social problems”
Fisher, 1980
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APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Applied social psychology encompasses the “applications of social psychology methods, theories, principles or research findings to the understanding or solution of social problems.” Oscamp and Schultz 1998.
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Some Broad Areas of Applied “Social” Psychology
Health
Organizations
The Environment
Communities
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APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Issue vs Problem
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Applied Social Psychology
Emphasis on issues and/or social problems
It involves interventions and changing social behaviours
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Did we say…Changing social behaviour?
We’ve got our work cut out for us!
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Features/Elements
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FEATURES OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Problem orientation –Identify a social problem and find
the solution to the problemDesign a study to learn more about
the problemAnalyze available data (theories,
principles, research finding) in order to design intervention
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FEATURES OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Value Orientation
The specification of an issues as a social problem requires a value judgment – a personal analysis by the investigator
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FEATURES OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Value Orientation Cont’d
Value judgements are “practical evaluations of the unsatisfactory or satisfactory character of phenomena subject to our influence”
(Max Weber 1949)
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FEATURES OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Social utility - Practical theories are important if we
want to solve social problems – Kurt Lewin – the knowledge and methods utilized must be useful in solving the problem
In resolving a social problem ,focus must be made on specific aspects of the problem that would yield the most impact.
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FEATURES OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Focus on social situations
Applied social psychologist are concerned with a “situational” analysis of a problem/issues in contrast to other approaches that tend to stress psychological or personality factors
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FEATURES OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
A broad approachMacro level analysis – taking
account of the wide range of variables that might influence the problem
Variety of research methods should be applied.
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FEATURES OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Field settingsResearch is carried out in the
natural settings where people live – not in an “artificial” atmosphere of most lab experiments.
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Features of the applied approach
Practical considerations
Time constraintsCost-benefits comparisonsPolitical feasibility
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Fisher’s seven (7) “touchstones” of Applied Social Psychology1. Central focus on multi-level
analysis of social problems2. Continuous integration of theory,
research and practice3. Development of middle-range
theories stressing the reciprocal interaction of the person and the environment
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Fisher’s seven (7) “touchstones” of Applied Social Psychology4. The application of a variety of
complementary research methods5. The expansion of practice expertise
partly through interdisciplinary collaboration
6. The adherence to a clearly articulated humanistic value base and a professional code of ethics
7. A commitment to a continuous professional development and role versatility.
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Ecological Levels of Analysis(From Community Psychology)
Russian Nesting Dolls
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Ecological Levels of Analysis
Individual
Microsystems
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Organizations
Localities
Macro-systems
Individuals
Microsystems
Russian Nesting Doll Bromfenbrenner, 1979
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General roles of the applied social psychologist
Scientist/practitioner blendAcademic/Non academic
Applied Researcher Programme development Programme evaluation Human relations trainerConsultant & change agent Social Activist
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Skills of the applied social psychologistStatisticsPsychometricsResearch – programme
assessment & EvaluationProgramme developmentInterpersonal and group skills eg.
negotiation, mediation, conflict management
Consulting
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Theoretical Framework
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Theory in Applied Social Psychology
“Practical” people operate, whether they know it or not,
on the basis of principles that were first suggested and later verified by theorists
Oskamp & Schultz (p 9)
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Theory in Applied Social PsychologyTheories are “intellectual tools for
organising data in such a way that one can make inferences or logical transitions from one set of data to another … they also serve as guides to the investigation, explanation, organisation and discovery of matters of observable facts”
Deutch & Krauss (1965)In Hill (2006)
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Theory in Applied Social PsychologyTheories serve to:Provide a basis for and guide our
research processGive an understanding of a
particular phenomenonHelp us to predict situations and
events
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Theory in Applied Social Psychology
Should we make a distinction between theories and principles?
“a psychological principle is a statement of an underlying cause for a psychological event”
Oskamp & Schultz
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Theory in Applied Social PsychologyApplying theory
“How does applied social psychologists use theory?”
Theory emerges in research and practice or are brought to bear on the finding of studies as a way of explanation (Fisher)
Theory is used to guide practices and research in the resolution of social problems
Theory developed in a lab setting is ‘tested’ in social situation “taking the theory out for a walk model”
See Hill (2006) Theory in Applied Social Psychology
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*Characteristics of Social Psychological TheoriesScope – This refers to the extent
the theory seeks to explain human behaviour as a whole, rather than some or one aspect of human behaviour. Social psychological theories tend to be mid-level or mini-theories, (rather than macro theories)
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* Characteristics of Social Psychological TheoriesRange – Does the theory predict
the behaviours of only a specific group of people or all human?
Testability – Can the theory be refuted or disproved?
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BROAD THEORETICAL BASESSelf and personalityMotivationLearning and Behavioural TheoriesSocial learning and social influenceSocial CognitionPersuasion , attitude & behaviour
ChangeGroups and inter-group processesTheories of organizational behaviourSocial structure and development
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Personality/Self/Identity These theories are
concerned with the active individual who has a sense of continuous being and identity
- Personality – individual differences
- Self – The part of us that we are consciously aware of, and that distinguishes us from each other
- Identity – “who am I”
Self Personality
Social Identity Theory
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Motivation
The activation of behaviourGiving direction to behaviour and
behavioural persistenceFords formula: Motivation = Goals
+ Emotions + Personal Agency Beliefs
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Motivation
Basic Human Motives (measures of personal motives)
Need for Approval Authoritarianism AchievementConsistency
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Behavioural Learning Theories
“learning – relatively permanent change in behaviour”
Classical Conditioning TheoryOperant Conditioning Theory Positive and negative reinforcement
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Social Learning and Social Influence
Social modeling (Bandura 1977)Theories of exchange (Kelly and Thibaut
1978)
Social Influence refers to how individual’s thoughts, feelings and behaviour can be affected or changed by others – refer to normative influence theories & research
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Social Cognition
Social cognition deals with the cultural shaping of psychological factors and processes
Theories capture the broad areas of
- attitudes
- attribution
- impression formation
- social judgment etc
Cognitive DissonanceTheory
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Persuasion, Attitude & Behaviour Change
These theories look at communication processes and influences – examples;
Yale model of persuasive communicationTheory of reasoned action/Theory of planned
behaviourElaboration likelihood modelTranstheoretical Model – Stage theory of Behaviour
changeHealth Belief Model
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Groups and inter-group processes
Interpersonal Dynamics
Group Dynamics
Inter-group relations
Groupthink
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Theories of organisational behaviour
These theories generally look at the complex nature of organisations
Systems theory (katz & Khan)Organisational culture (Schein
1985)
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Social structure and development
Exploration of macro-social influences on individual or personality characteristics
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Social Psychological Principles …..Some ExamplesApproach-avoidance conflictFoot-in-the-door & Door-in-the-facePublic commitmentExpectations
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Issues and Challenges in Applied Social
Psychology
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Issues and challenges in applied social psychologyIs social psychology really applicable? -
utilisation of theory
Applied vs Theoretical conflict
Should applied social psychology use experimental research methods?
Evidence & Generalisability Unintended consequencesEthical Issues
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Issues and challenges in applied social psychologyMuch of the work in applied social
psychology lacks serious theoretical analysis (Hill 2006)
Applied social psychology needs to utilise more middle-range theories
Why is there a split between applied and theoretical social psychology?
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Issues and challenges in applied social psychologyWhat research methods are best?Large scale, multivariate,
correlational studies vs experimental
More emphasis on field studiesApproach must allow for evidence
and generalisability
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Issues and challenges in applied social psychologyHow can we minimise unintended
consequences?
Unintended consequences raise ethical issues
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Issues and challenges in applied social psychology
Examples of ethical guidelines for psychologists
CompetenceIntegrityProfessional and scientific responsibilityRespect for peoples rights and dignityConcern for others welfareSocial Responsibility
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Issues and challenges in applied social psychologyEthical issues cont’dAvoid harmful consequencesInformed consentInvasion of privacyDeceptionDebrief
http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
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Psychology & CulturePsychology & Culture
“If you are attending a college where you do not have friends
and acquaintances whose cultural backgrounds contrast with yours, you are one of a small (and dying) breed!”
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Psychology & CultureWhat is culture?
“…the many complex ways in which people of the world live, and which they tend to pass along to their offspring. It includes just about everything, from stuff people own, make buy or trade, to family structure, to how live decisions are made, how one plays with toys, to the position people assume when they say their prayers…” (Lonner & Malpass 1994)
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Psychology & Culture
Psychology is culture-bound and culture-blind (Lonner & Malpass 1994)
Why is this so?
Western (European-American) rootsDesire to simplify events and behaviour
in the interest of psychological orderIgnorance of culturally-related literature
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Psychology & Culture
The term culture is an non-explanatory label … the meaning is in the details
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Psychology & Culture
Orientations to the Study of Culture Universalism – All humans, at base,
are the same, therefore a generalized approach can be taken
Relativism – people must be studied only with the context of their own culture
Absolutism – All human behaviour is essentially the same, therefore studying culture is unnecessary
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Psychology & Culture
Orientations to the Study of Culture
Collectivism vs Individualism
Individualism – an ideology that places greater emphasis on the individual and less on the group
Collectivism – an ideology that suppresses individualism and promotes group orientation and behaviour
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Geez, I’m hungry …. Seems like the professor doesn’t realize the time. But I could never leave
the lecture now! I couldn’tdisturb the Professor
at all!!!!!
Geez, I’m hungry …. Seems theprofessor lost track of time.I want to leave now! I know whatI’ll do … I’ll just sneak out at the back of the room..
Geez, I’m hungry ….Seems like the professor has no respect for my time!Darn! I’ll just have to point out the time to her!
Professor (pointing to Watch on hand) It’s time To break! It’s our lunch
Time!
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Psychology & Culture
Collectivism vs Individualism (Triandis)
Differences may be evidenced in:a. Attitudes – interdependence vs independence
b. Goals – personal vs group goals in conflict situations
c. Values – Security obedience, duty, in-group harmony, hierarchy & personalised relationships vs pleasure, winning the competition, achievement, freedom, autonomy and fair exchange
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Psychology & Culture
Collectivism vs Individualism (Triandis)
Differences may be evidenced in:d. Calamities – exclusion from in-group vs
conformity to or dependence on in-group
e. Social behaviour – precedence of vertical relationships vs precedence of horizontal relationships
f. Notions of the self – embedded in a collective vs autonomous entities
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How easy it is to acquire Japanese citizenship? Hmmm…
“There is a very rare and low chance of any NON-Japanese ever acquiring Japanese citizenship. And many Japanese people would never give up their Japanese citizenship. My husband has been in the US for 14 years and refuses to be naturalized because he only wants his Japanese citizenship even though he has no intention of returning to Japan... weird, I know.
Though you will never probably face racism in Japan, it's a pretty racist country against outsiders. They believe they are a very supreme country, no doubt they are a very nice country, but they want it to be "pure." You should see how racist they are towards each other for skin tone, eye shape, nose shape any other body flaw. My friends from Aichi are dark-skinned and they are belittled for not being pale.
Being a Japanese-American would be the worst in my opinion. Even though you are Japanese, you aren't viewed as Japanese in Japan. You're still a foreigner. My poor friend, Naoto, can't speak Japanese fluidly and feels uncomfortable when visiting his father in Japan. He IS fluent in Japanese, but he is slow and pauses when speaking. This is one way a Japanese could give a blow to an ego.
Don't let your head get too big. Visit before moving, because you might like it as much as you think you will.”
Source: Yahoo Answers 78
Psychology & Culture
Some Issues and Concerns The clarity of concepts studiesDeep culture vs cultural glossHow much behaviour is learnt as
opposed to being inherited genetically?
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Video Clip
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End of Presentation
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