Lecture 9: Bacterial Diversity
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Transcript of Lecture 9: Bacterial Diversity
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Lecture 9: Bacterial DiversityReading assignments in Text: Lengeler et al. 1999
Text: pages 674-676 Bacterial diversitypages 700-704 Phylogenetic treespages 704-716 Early life/ evolutionpages 723-728 Food in the real worldpages 746-750 Biofilmspages 754-761 Cooperation and methanogenspages 763-774 Bugs in waterpages 775-778 Bugs in sedimentspages 779-784 Bugs in soilpages 784-792 Bugs in extreme environmentspages 879-882 Bugs in food productspages 907-908 Bio-treatment
Lecture 8Text: pages 586-601 Sporulation
pages 627 Secondary metabolism
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Lecture Overview
Bacterial populations (lab conditions)
Metabolism
GROWTHBacteria as single cells (“cell cycles”)
DifferentiationSymbiosisSporulation
Bacterial Environments and Diversity
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Spreading sea-floor
Alvin
Smoker/hot vent~15x106 yr cycle “tube worms” + ecosystem
Deep-sea symbiosis between lithotrophs and eukaryotes
H2S O2 ATP/NADPH CO2 fixn = food
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Epulopiscium fishelsonii (the big one)
250 microns
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“Molecular” 16S rRNA phylogenic analysis
Value?
c
d
a
b
“Wt” reference
“mutation”
A sequencing example:
Any organism, even non-culturable
a
b
cd
1
23
Analysis
Un-rooted “tree”
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The 16S rRNA “Tree of Life”
3 Kingdoms1 2
3
E. fishelsonii ~ B. subtilis
Multi-cellularnarrow diversity
People ~ Yeast
Mitochondria ~ Bacteria
Chloroplasts ~ Cyanobacteria
Many diverse non-culturable
Root maybe a Thermo-phile
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Archaea versus Bacteria (are they really different?)
Biosynthesis, amino acids, etc.
Yes NoXCell division
X
Membranes X(unique)
Polymerization DNA X(eukayotic)
RNA X(eukayotic)
Translation X(eukayotic)
Chemistry / Cofactors (unique) X
Signaling, Chemotaxis X
Photosynthesis X(unique)
Operons, small circular chromosomes X
Human pathogens? ?(None known)
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Bacterial numbers and distributions
(from Whitman et al. 1998 PNAS 95:6578.)
Total = 4-6 x 1030 cells
Water 12 x 1028 cells
Sediments 355 x 1028 cellsBiofilms
Soil 26 x 1028 cells
Deep earth 25-250 x 1028 cells
Air ~5 x 1019 cells
People 6 x 109 4 x 1023 colonCows 1 x 109 29 x 1023 rumenTermites 2 x 1017 7 x 1023 gut
Animals Bacteria
Symbiosis
Growth / Turnover in Days (not DT)
Water shallow 16
Water deep 300
Phototrophs 1.5
Sediments 500,000
Soil 900
Animals ~1
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adhesion threads
Deinococcus geothermalisThis pink-pigmented bacterium often forms biofilms. This electron micrograph shows cells attached on polished stainless steel in sterilized paper machine water at 45C.
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Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (stained with crystal violet)Biofilm colony on polystyrene petri dishReleases cells to form new colonies
Biofilm spread
4 mm
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Imprint of a clover leaf on a methanol mineral salts plate incubated at 30C for 2 days to allow outgrowth of the pink-pigmented Methylobacterium strains.
Natural bacterial distributions
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Sauerkraut
Cabbage 40NaCl 1
Cover with water, cold w/o air
~ weeks1 NaCl, lysis, microbes digest polysaccharides proteins
2 Complex fermentation period
3 Leuconostoc mesenteroides take over
Heterolactic fermentation:mannitol, acetic acid, ethanol, CO2, etc. pH~5.5
4 Acidophiles, e.g. Lactobacillus sps. take over
Homolactic fermentation ~ 0.15 M lactate
? So what ?
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