Lecture 7

Basidiomycota

The Agaricales

Examples of natural (evolutionary) groups

Three major ectomycorrhizal clades of Agaricales that correspond to generatraditionally recognized from their morphology

Amanita- ca 800 known spp.- white spore print- at least a volva or an annulus present

Cortinarius & its secotioid Thaxterogaster form (previously classified in the Gasteromycetes)- ca. 2000 known spp., mostly temperate- usually brown gills and brown spore print- remant of veil (cortine) visible at least in young fruiting bodies

Inocybe- ca 200 known spp.- cap usually dull brown, strongly umbonate- usually brown gills and brown spore print

-

www.nybg.org/bsci/res/hall/virosa.html

A. muscaria (fly agaric; hallucinogenic)129.215.156.68/cdrom/photos.htm

A. vaginatah h ith / ill d fb ht

A. virosa (death angel)

A. jacksonii (edible)

Amanita

www.biology.duke.edu/fungi/

plantbio berkeley edu/~bruns/pmb113/

Inocybe

www.nature-diary.co.uk/www mtsn tn it/bresadola/photos/

www.cortinarius.fi/

Cortinarius

www.natruffling.org/thpi.htm

Secotiod forms in Cortinarius

- generally semi-hypogeous

- Derived multiple time from gilledforms

- previously recognized in a differentgenus (Thaxterogaster) in theGasteromycetes; most abundant in theSouthern Hemisphere

Marasmiaceae

Includes the gilled genera- Marasmius- Lentinula (shiitake - commerciallygrown)- Collybia pro parte (Gymnopus,Rhodocollybia)- etc.

Alos includes reduced forms, e.g.,Caripia

Caripia montagnei

Gymnopus subnudus

Marasmius rotula

Growing Shiitake commerciallyhttp://www.alcorn.edu/sfdc/Shiitake%20Mushrooms%20In%20Mississippi.htm

http://www.denison.edu/collaborations/ohmushroom/Shiitake.html http://frutas21.web.infoseek.co.jp/images/img-yasai/img-yousai/shiitake-org-030329.j

The Physalacriaceae

xeruloid clade (Physalacriaceae)

Includes the gilled genera- Xerula- Armillaria- Oudemansiella- Cyptotrama- Flammulina- Strobilurus

Reduced form:- Gloiocephala- Physalacria

Common characters:All are primary colonizers of dead wood or leavesMost (but not all) members have- a hymeniform pileipellis- secretory cystidia- strobilurins (antibiotics)- adaptation for colonization of subterraneanmaterial (e.g., mycelial cords, stipe deep in soil,...

Physalacria inflata

Oudemansiella canarii

Xerula radicata

Armillaria

- the tropical, poroid, often pleurotoid genus Favolaschia is related to Mycena (gilled fungi), to which itshares many similar microscopic characters, e.g., white spore print, smooth spores etc.- Mycena can be divided in many smaller genera based on spore amyloidy and microcharacters of thepileus.

Generally small fungi; all taxa are saprophytes on litter and wood; many spp., especially in the tropics.

MycenaFavolaschia

The Mycenaceae

Example of gill-pore transitionPoromycena sp. from Thailand(mycenaceae clade)

Lampteromyces japonicum

- on wood;- biolumiscent;- produce illudin (toxic)

Omphalotus illudens(“Jack-o-lantern”)

Omphalotaceae

Common character:- presence of siderophylous granules in the basidia

- Termitomyces: termite-associated (tropical); edible

- Asterophoramushroom parasite, often on Russula

- Lyophyllum- Calocybe - ...

Photo:H. Clémençon

The Lyophyllaceae

Termitomyces spp.(pic. D. Pegler)

Asterophora parasitica growing on a species of Russula

http://www.cegep-sept-iles.qc.ca/raymondboyer/champignons/Tricholomatacees_A-Cl.html

http://www.andoa.net/paginas/teoria/intro/detalles/aparasitica.html

Photos R.G. ThornResupinatus alboniger

- morphologically very variable: includespleurotoid and cyphelloid (cup-like) basidiocarps- all primary decomposers on wood;- gelatinous, at least in the pileus context.

Undescribed species from Puerto RicoColl. & picture Jean Lodge

Stigmatolemma poriaeforme

Resupinatus clade: uncertain phylogenetic affinities

The Pleurotaceae: nematophagous mushrooms

- ‘pleurotoid’ basidiocarp;- white or pale spore print;- smooth spores;- some species are dimitic (presence of both generative and skeletalhyphae), at least when mature.

Two genera:- Pleurotus (lacks metuloid cystidia)“oyster mushroom”, several spp. are commercially cultivated;- Hohenbeuhelia (presence of metuloid cystidia)

Hohenbeuhelia geogeniaPleurotus ostreatus

Nematode-trapping via mycelial “hooks”, ……… or toxic droplets

Pics from G. Barron

Coprinus comatus

Agaricus sp.

Calvatia gigantea

The Agaricaceae

- brown spored, except Lepiota and Leucoagaricus- ring (annulus) generally present- all saprophytes- often form fairy rings- good at removing heavy metals (and radioactivity)from soil;

Gilled genera:- Agaricus; includes the commercially cultivated“button mushroom”, or “champignon de Paris”.- Coprinus sensu stricto, e.g., Coprinus comatus (the“inky cap”) and allies;- Lepiota- Leucoagaricus- Leucocoprinus- etc… (many genera)

Many puffballs, e.g., the Lycoperdales (“truepuffballs”)- Lycoperdon, Calvatia

Agaricus bisporus, the “button mushroom”, or “champignon de Paris”.

http://www.bluewillowpages.com/mushroomexpert/agaricus_bisporus.html

http://www.giornaledibrescia.it/iniziative/funghi/fungo04.htm

Agaricus andrewiiLongula texensis

Pics from R. Phillips, 1991

“Secotioid”: A secotioid basidiocarp is confusingly intermediate between atypical gilled fungus and a Lycoperdon-lke puffball

The Agaricaceae

Fungi associated with leaf cutter ants have beenshown to be in this clade based on molecular data(fruiting bodies not found yet) - G3 Attini fungi

About 200 spp. of Attini ants cutivate fungi for food.(> 50 million years of farming fungi!)

The ants weed out invading fungi.

They also hosts bacteria in their body for secretion ofan antifungal agent to kill unwanted molds.

Additional info @ http://anu.andong.ac.kr/~soongu/word/bioresources/ants/ant.htm

Coprinopsis lagopus

Coprinellus disseminatus

= ‘The inky caps’, with the exception of the Shaggy ManeCoprinus comatus

Coprinus sensu modern authors is polyphyletic:

-The type species, Coprinus comatus, is related to theAgaricaceae;- Most Coprinus species are now segregated into thegenera Coprinopsis and Coprinellus, as alreadyrecognized by some authors in the early 20th Century.- Coprinus cinereus (now => Coprinopsis cinereus) is amodel organism in fungal genetics;it is one of the toplisted basidiomycota for complete genome sequencing.

- black spore print;- gills/cap generally deliquescent;- often found on the ground but also saprophytes on wood;- often grow gregarious;- Psathyrella- Coprinopsis- Coprinellus

The Psathyrellaceae

Cyathus striatus

From Alexopoulos

Bird-nest fungi (ex-“Nidulariales”)- traditionally in the Gasteromycetes with enigmaticevolutionary relationships to other fungi; moleculardata classifies it in the Agaricales but, to date, withno close affiliation to any other group).

Pholiota squarrosa

Stropharia rugosoannulata

Psilocybe sp.

Psilocybe cubensisThe Strophariaceae

- saprophytes;- purplish / dark spores;- often with an annulus.

Note the bluish tint in psilocybin-containingmushrooms, at least when bruised

http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/fungi/family/schizophyllaceae/images/schiz01b.jpg

Schizophyllum commune - the split-gilled mushroom

- widespread, worlwide distribution- on wood (logs, twigs)- used as genetic model- Raper: mating systems

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100

100

86

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North and CentralAmerica

South Americaand Caribbean

Australia and PapuaNew Guinea

Europe and westernNorth America

Eastern Hemisphere

Costa Rica and Colombia

Phylogeography of Schizophyllum commune

James, T. Y., J. M. Moncalvo, S. Li, and R. Vilgalys. 2001. Polymorphism at the ribosomal DNA spacers and its relation to breeding structure of thewidespread mushroom Schizophyllum commune. Genetics . 157: 149-161.