Lecture 6 U.S. National Spatial Data Infrastructure Partnerships in Action Longley et al. Chapter...
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Transcript of Lecture 6 U.S. National Spatial Data Infrastructure Partnerships in Action Longley et al. Chapter...
Lecture 6U.S. National Spatial Data Infrastructure
Partnerships in Action
Longley et al. Chapter 20
PartnershipsOften fraught with hazards – can take longer and create friction
BUT
Often there is no real choice for they can bring:New staff skillsAdditional technologyMarketing skillsBetter brand imageNew insights on user needsNew productsCost- and risk-sharing
Local partnerships: an example
Channel Island National Marine Sanctuary
NOAA NMS
SB County Planning & Develop
Island Packers
Blue Planet
Commercial Fisherman of SB, Inc
Ventura College
UCSB
Channel Islands National Park
Calif Coastal Commission
Many, many others …
SSE
CIPE
Local to global partnerships: an exampleGIS Day is an annual grassroots event which began in November 1999, designed to promote geographic literacy in schools, communities, and organizations. GIS Day GIS users and vendors open their doors to schools, businesses, and the general public to showcase real-world applications of the technology.
News of the event is spread by use of the Internet and by advertising. Any organization can host such an event: 2,400+ organizations hosted GIS Day events in more than 91 different countries in 1999 (see map). About 2.4 million children and adults were enlightened on GIS technology on that day
National partnerships via NSDIsThe problem:
Data duplication commonplace – so waste occurs
Ad hoc data sharing has many difficulties
Data often tailored to one application
Best data often collected in greatest detail at local level but not accessible to regional or national folk
Indexes/metadata to available GI unknown until recently
No general protocols for any of this until NSDI..
What is a National Spatial Data Infrastructure?
‘the technology, policies, standards, and human resources necessary to acquire, process, store, distribute, and improve utilization of geospatial data’
Source: Presidential Executive Order #12906 (1994): 'Co-ordinating Geographic Data Acquisition and Access: The National Spatial Data Infrastructure' W Clinton.
BUT what does it mean in practice?
Initial elements of the US NSDI
Defined standards (mandated on federal agencies and encouraged for others) Minimizing inconsistency
Clearinghouse – metadata descriptions of existing data. Advertising what is available
National geospatial data framework - a common ‘template’ on which to assemble other data
The NSDI is composed ofThe NSDI is composed of
MetadataMetadata
Geospatial dataGeospatial data
ClearinghouseClearinghouse
StandardsStandards
Partnerships
The data provide a core...The data provide a core...
Geospatial DataGeospatial DataGeospatial DataGeospatial Data
Categories of Geospatial DataCategories of Geospatial Data
Community-developed data sets single purpose potential re-usecommon content specification “Framework” data
GEOdataGEOdataFrameworkFramework
Categories of Geospatial DataCategories of Geospatial Data
Framework provides. . .Framework provides. . .
a base to compile other data on top of
context to orient link results of analyses to
landscape
Digital orthoimagery
Elevation and bathymetry
Boundaries
Railroads
Geodetic
FederalState
LocalPrivate
Utilities
Spatial Analysis Base for Other Data Finished Maps
Roads
Cadastral
Hydrography
Framework DataFramework Data
Spatial Analysis Base for Other Data Finished Maps
GEOdataGEOdataFrameworkFramework
MetadataMetadata
Describing your data...Describing your data...
Metadata: “nutritional” label for Metadata: “nutritional” label for GIS data setsGIS data sets
Internally - saves 4 hrs research 10 times a year = (4x10x$50) = $2,000 (time it takes to look up or contact someone for information about a dataset)
External Questions - refer 30 inquires/year (1hr/inquiry) = (30x1x
$50)=$1,500 (time it takes to answer calls from people who want to use the data or
find out more about it) Future reuse/enhancement -$5,000 to $25,000Liability (lawyers, courts) - $$$$
The uses of metadataThe uses of metadata
Provides documentation of existing internal geospatial data resources within an organization (inventory)
Permits structured search and comparison of held spatial data by others (advertising)
Provides end-users with adequate information to take the data and use it in an appropriate context (liability)
GEOdataGEOdataFrameworkFramework
MetadataMetadata
Making data discoverable...
Clearinghouse (catalog)Clearinghouse (catalog)
Clearinghouse provides...Clearinghouse provides... Discovery of spatial data Distributed search worldwide Uniform interface for spatial data
searches Advertising for your data holdings
Clearinghouse operates as...Clearinghouse operates as...
Entry point to constellation of servers Collection of distributed Z39.50
servers A virtual “Google” for geospatial data
WebWebClientClient
Gateway
ClearinghouseClearinghouse““Nodes” orNodes” or
ServersServers
This is all “Clearinghouse”This is all “Clearinghouse”
NOAANOAA
OregonOregonUSGSUSGSNMDNMD
NGSNGS
GEOdataGEOdataFrameworkFramework
MetadataMetadata
Clearinghouse (catalog)Clearinghouse (catalog)
StandardsStandards
Consistent approaches...
Who builds standards?Who builds standards?
ISO - Intl Standards Organization FGDC Standards working group in
partnership with . . . FGDC Thematic subcommittees Concerned organizations Producers and users of geospatial
data
Types of standardsTypes of standards
Data content—Common classifications—Common collection criteria
Data managementMetadataSpatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS)
Standards under developmentStandards under development Base Cartographic Cultural and Demographic Metadata Geodetic Control Networks Transportation Network Profile RiverReach File Version 3.0 Earth Cover Classification Geologic Facilities Shoreline
Partnerships
GEOdataGEOdataFrameworkFramework
MetadataMetadata
Clearinghouse (catalog)Clearinghouse (catalog)
StandardsStandards
Lots of people involved…Federal government (many agencies)
State government
Local government
Private sector – contractors, value-adders, exploiters
Not for profit organizations
Citizenry
Others…
No one is in charge…
The Geospatial One-Stop at geodata.gov
Growth in use of US NSDI ClearinghouseNote:
•Rapid growth
•International use almost as big as national
Source: Henry Tom
An example of a global partnership
OSU Transboundary Waterswaterpartners.geo.orst.eduwww.transboundarywaters.orst.edu
Governments and the private sectors
National governments own and control national mapping agencies
All such mapping produced to national specifications until recently
New private sector providers:Produce imagery for anywhere in world
Produce road databases
How do we get these to work together?
A Global Spatial Data Infrastructure?
Difficult enough to get national players to work together…
Is GSDI a process, a general framework or a product?
Who are the stakeholders?
Who needs it? (military doing what they need themselves?)
A Research Agenda
Future of the Spatial Information Infrastructure
Information policy• Intellectual property rights, privacy,
liability
Digital government researchLocal generation and integration of data• Public participation GIS
Other Research Priorities(Long Term)
Geographic RepresentationScaleSpatial Data Acquisition & IntegrationSpatial CognitionSpatial Ontologies
Space and Space/Time Analysis & ModelingUncertaintyVisualizationGIS and SocietyGeographic Information Engineering
Short Term Research Prioritieswww.ucgis.org priorities-->research
Institutional aspects of SDIsGI PartneringGI Resource MgmtGradation, Indeterminate BoundariesGeospatial Semantic WebSpatializationPervasive Computing
Location Based ServicesSpatial ClusteringGeoslavery & SecurityGeospatial Data FusionGlobal Representation and ModelingData Mining and Knowledge DiscoveryDynamic Modeling
Education Priorities www.ucgis.org priorities-->education
Model CurriculaEmerging Technolgies
Distance Education
Supporting InfrastructureAccess and EquityProfessional Education
Alternative Designs for Curriculum Content and EvaluationResearch-based Graduate EducationLearning with GISAccrediation and Certification
Life, partnerships and GIS
When do you work in partnership with other people or organisations?
What makes it worthwhile?
The same applies to GIS partnerships:
Commitment to a cause, wish to improve matters?
Personal ambition? Influence? Fame? Status?
Money?
Summary - 1
Partnerships versus competition
Local
National Spatial Data Infrastructure
• Geodata, Framework, Metadata, Clearinghouse, Standards, Partnerships
Global Spatial Data Infrastructures
Political power in partnerships
Bringing it all together: the GIS game
Summary - 2Partnerships potentially very powerful so look beyond the normal..
Nothing is without cost…
Choose GIS partners carefully, nurture relationships…