Lecture 6 tourism in sub-saharan africa
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Transcript of Lecture 6 tourism in sub-saharan africa
TOURISM IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
TDM 458Ara Pachmayer
Africa: A Continent waiting to be rediscovered
What comes to mind when you think of Africa?
Geography, History, Politics
Overview
Africa Facts
The continent of Africa comprised of 54 countries with a population of over 900 million people
The continent covers 6% of the Earth’s total surface area – very low populations density
Second largest continent after Asia Each country is varied in its resources,
culture, historical legacies, and economic, social, and political structures
Africa: Historical Overview
Prehistoric Times Origins of Man; Olduvai Gorge - Tanzania
5000 BC - 1500 AD Existence of several indigenous African civilizations
and Empires – Potential for Cultural Tourism Nubia: Nile region 5,000 B.C. Egyptian: 3000-2000 B.C. Kushite/Meroe (Sudan): 500 B.C-320A.D. Axum (Replaced Kushite): 320 A. D. Ghana: 800 A.D. Zimbabwe: 850 A.D. Mali: 1240 A.D. Songhai Empire (Western Africa): 1495 A.D.
Africa: Historical Overview
Late 1400’s to late 1800’s European exploration, adventurism, exploitation
of natural and human resources and political subjagation
Countries involved in African “adventurism” Belgium, Denmark, England, France, Germany,
Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and Sweden
These countries have influenced, altered and even distorted the geographical, social and cultural landscapes of Africa
Africa: Historical Overview
1884: The Berlin Conference Political Partitioning of Africa Drawing of today’s political boundaries;
mostly arbitrary lines without social and ethnic considerations of local communities
Laid the foundations of contemporary land disputes, civil wars and political conflicts
Historical Overview - 1884 - 1950 Colonial administration and governance
primarily by Belgium, England, France and Portugal
Exploitation of economic resources Globalization - export of raw “material”
and importation of manufactured goods Europeanization through educational
system, language, religion, lifestyle, civil administration, etc.
Political Independence, de-colonization transition
Period of political instability due to liberation wars, civil wars, coups d’etat etc.
Attempts at regional and continental unification
Economic marginalization
Historical Overview – 1950 – 1970’s
Completion of de-colonization process Increased emphasis of democratization Greater acceptance of privatization, free
enterprise models of economic development
External imposition of structural adjustment policies IMF, World Bank etc. forced
implementation of ‘free market’ programs (Privatization, Deregulation)
Natural and man-made disasters Continuing political and military conflicts
Historical Overview – 1980’s - Today
Huge impact on tourism today Languages, religions, cultural
similarities, VFR, familiarity Source market of tourists $ for infrastructure International companies transportation links
Ex. British-India connectionEx. French-Lao connectionEx. Spanish-Latin America connection
Impact of Colonialism on Modern Tourism
Impact of Colonialism on Modern Tourism
Transportation Airlines
British Airways: London-Accra, Cape Town, Johannesburg, Nairobi, Lagos, Abuja
Air France: Paris- Nouakchott, Dakar, Bamako, Conakry, Abidjan, Niamey, N’Djamena Yaoundé, Bangui, Libreville
TAP Portugal: Luanda, Maputo, Bissau, Not just Africa, but remnants of
colonialism are worldwide
Tourism Today
Tourism Statistics and Trends International Tourism arrivals in Sub-Saharan
Africa - 33 million International Tourism Expenditures of $23
billion Grew by about 7% South Africa Share of arrivals and exp.
25% of arrivals 41% of expenditures
Trends and Projections 2020 – 55 million arrivals 2030 – 88 million arrivals
Regional Distribution of Tourist Arrivals (2010)
Region Arrivals Southern Africa 12.6 million East Africa 12.1million West & Central Africa 6.8 million
Africa as a Source Market
Setting for Tourism in Sub-Saharan Africa
Sheer size of the region is an asset as well as a hindrance to developing a tourism industry
Most of the continent is sparsely populated, offering wide-open spaces, an almost unique wealth of wildlife, spectacular scenery, and tribal cultures that have fascinated travelers for centuries
There are considerable variations in the scale of tourism development in Africa from most developed ones to least developed ones Countries such as Kenya, Mauritius and The
Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, Morocco and Tunisia in the north, South Africa, and Zimbabwe in the south are successful tourism destinations
Countries such as Nigeria, Cameroon, Angola, and Zambia have limited leisure tourism potential Limited infrastructure Security and safety issues Political instability
Setting for Tourism in Sub-Saharan Africa
Positives and Potentials for Sub-Saharan Africa Tourism
Cultural understanding-South African Township tours
Cultural diversity - Historical cultures and current cultures
Volunteer Tourism Community-Based tourism Conservation of gorillas, elephants, etc Adventure Tourism Natural wonders of the world- Victoria falls, Nile
River, Congo River, Great Rift Valley…etc Beach Tourism-largely untouched coastal areas
with little development Diaspora Tourism
Barriers to Tourism Development
AIDS - Botswana’s work force future Highly educated, young, politically stable Huge AIDS rate (40% or more)
Poverty and need to fill basic human needs of food, clean water, healthcare, education are of primary importance
Infrastructure Roads, Airports, Ferries, Rail etc.
Zimbabwe- Inflation and harsh totalitarian government Expiration dates on money, limits on cash, Mugabe - White farmers, current violence
Problems & Challenges
Problems & Challenges
Comparative costs, value, quality service delivery
Communication network: telephone, faxes, e-mails for travel arrangements
Limited marketing budget, lack of awareness of key international markets
Absence of skilled human resources for tourism planning, development, promotion and management Difficult to provide the type of experience tourists
are expecting
Low income, limited savings of citizens Weak source for domestic or regional
tourism (people from the region don’t travel much)
Africa tourism is Euro-dependent More than 2/3 of African tourists originate from
Europe and North America Sparse domestic investment capital
Reliance on foreign investment Reliance on multi-national corporations
Problems & Challenges
Multi - national Corporations: Benefit or Liability?
Tourism industry in Africa has traditionally been dominated by multi - national corporations , primarily Western, making this a questionable area of economic development
Transport of tourists to Africa is predominantly carried out by Western airlines. (increasing connections from US)
Accommodation is often provided in hotel chains owned and managed by multi-national corporations
Senior management of tourist facilities tends to be expatriate
Food consumed by tourists is specially imported for them
Problems & Challenges
Liberation wars: e.g. Angola, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe
Civil Wars: e.g. DRC, Angola, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Sudan, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi
Coups d’etat: Sudden forceful overthrow of legitimate government by army and/or police
Problems & Challenges for Travelers
Health: Entry requirements - vaccinations Endemic conditions threats: air-borne,
water-borne and food-borne diseases Facilitation: Visa requirements,
information and processing Transportation: long-haul, cost, frequency,
reliability, safety with national airlines Poor road, rail and water transportation
Specific Destinations
Kenya & Tanzania
Nature based, safari tourism General, photo, hunting, walking, hot air
balloon, camel/desert, underwater Eco-systems - Serengeti, Masai Area,
Ngorongoro Conservation Area Archaeological, Heritage Tourism -
Olduvai Gorge Cultural Tourism - The Masai Trbe
Community based tourism
Kampi Ya Kanzi http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJ7iAcr
WGfk Can fast forward to around 2:39 of the video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0e-s0Kq-60&feature=plcp Longer video which explains the role of the
trust 10 reasons
http://www.maasai.com/10-reasons-to-come/ Gives a detailed overview of why tourists should
visit and how their visit helps the local community
Gorilla Tourism Uganda
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezz-sbdPpEw&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5VXzsZO44VE&feature=related (about 17 minutes long but very interesting and good explanation of how tourism is changing the country)