Lecture 6 - Research Design
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Transcript of Lecture 6 - Research Design
8/2/2019 Lecture 6 - Research Design
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RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD
Dr R
Department CompuFaculty of Scienc
8/2/2019 Lecture 6 - Research Design
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INTRODUCTION
Before researchers undertake any research activitessential that they consider carefully an overall resstrategy by considering as to which research commthey feel they belong to, and that they know the
epistemological, ethical and ontological assumptio
their research.Remenyi et al., 1
This will help define the field of research and the ta
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Assumptions - Table 1
Ontology Whether the subject of investigation is theconsciousness (nominalism) or whether it independently (realism).
Epistemology What our grounds of knowledge are.
Human
nature
Whether humans interact creatively with th
(voluntarism) or whether they are passive(determinism).
Methodology Nomothetic or ideographic approaches to
Remen
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The Quantitative and Qualitative Paradigms
Remen
Quantitative Qualitative
Ontologicalasumption
We can determine the waythings are and the causeeffect relations
Realities are cactors and areconsidered mo
other.
Epistemologicalassumption
The investigator and theobject are independent fromeach other. The object can beresearched without beinginfluenced by the researcher.
The researcheobject of reseaobject. Findinginteraction betresearched
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The Quantitative and Qualitative Paradigms
Remen
Quantitative Qualitative
Methodologicalassumption
The most prevalent methodsused include experiments,quasi-experiments,hypothesis-testing techniques.
Meaningful phenomena – variables are accuratelymeasured.
The meaningcan only be dclose interacresearcher a
term observainterviews, codocuments.
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The Quantitative and Qualitative Paradigms
Remen
Quantitative Qualitative
Axiologicalassumption
Values are excluded from theresearch process. They areconsidered confoundingvariables-phenomena that
cloud our view of reality.
Values haveThe researcbe openly ppursuing the
Rhetoricalassumption
The research is written fromperspective of the disinterestedscientist. Mathematical
The researc1st person, ipassionate i
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Comparison between positivism and phenomeno
Burrell and Morgan(1979) argue that the four dioutlined in Table 1 inform radically different fram
paradigms. They indicate that there are discerndifferences among research approaches based
permutations of the four factors.A paradigm denotes a common perspective whithe work of a group of theorists in such a manne
identifies them as analysing social issues in the(Kuhn, 1962; Morgan, 1980).
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Key features of positivist and phenomenological paradigms
Positivist Phenomen
BasicBeliefs:
World is external and objective.Observer is independent.
Science is value-free.
World is sosubjective.is observedhuman inte
Researchersshould:
Focus on facts. Look for causalities anfundamental laws. Reduce phenomena to
simplest elements. Formulate and testhypotheses.
Focus on munderstand
at totality oideas throu
Preferredmethods:
Operationalise concepts so that they canbe measured. Use multiple methods toestablish different views of phenomena.
Small samor over tim
Ea
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Deciding on research strategy
Assumption Question Quantitative Q
Ontologicalassumption
What is the nature ofreality?
Reality is ojective andsingular. m
p
Epistemological Assumption
What is the relationshipof the researcher to theresearched?
Researcher isindependent from beingresearched.
t
AxiologicalAssumption
What is the role ofvalues?
Value-free andunbiased.
V
Based on Firestone, 1987; Guba and Linco
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Deciding on research strategy
Assumption Question Quantitative Qu
Rhetoricalassumption
What is thelanguage ofresearch?
Formal. Set on based definition.Impersonal voice; Use ofacceptable quantitative words
InfoPerqua
MethodologicalAssumption
What is theprocess ofresearch?
Deductive process. Cause andeffect. Static design. Categoriesisolated before study. Context
free. Generalisations leading toprediction, explanation andunderstanding. Accurate andreliable through validity andreliability.
Inddesdur
Cotheundreli
Based on Firestone, 1987; Guba and L
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Deduction and induction
Deductive approach:
Theory ObservationHypothesis
Inductive approach:
Observation Tentative
Hypothes
Pattern
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Matching research questions with strategy
Purpose of study Research Question ResearchStrategy
Exploratory:
To investigate littleunderstoodphenomena. Identifyimportant variables and
generate hypothesesfor further research
What is happening in thissocial programme? What arethe salient themes, patterns,categories in participants’
meaning structures? How
are patterns linked with oneanother?
Case study
Field study
Ethnography
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Matching research questions with strategy
Purpose of study Research Question ResearchStrategy
Explanatory:
To explain the forcescausing thephenomenon inquestion. Identify
plausible causalnetworks shaping thephenomenon.
What events, beliefs,attitudes, policies areshaping this phenomenon?
How do these interact toresult in the phenomenon?
Field study
Multi-casestudy
History
Ethnography
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Matching research questions with strategy
Purpose of study Research Question ResearchStrategy
Descriptive:
To document thephenomenon ofinterest.
What are the salientbehaviours, events, beliefs,attitudes, structures,processes occurring in thisphenomenon?
Field study
Case study
Ethnography
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Matching research questions with strategy
Purpose of study Research Question ResearchStrategy
Predictive:
To predict theoutcomes of thephenomenon; toforecast the events and
behaviours resultingfrom the phenomenon.
What will occur as a result ofthis phenomenon?
Who will be affected and inwhat ways?
Experiment
Quasi-experiment
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Triangulation
Triangulation is the use of different methods of data collection t
validity and reliability of findings (Denzin, 1970).
Triangulation can ‘overcome the potential bias and sterility of a
approach’ (Hussey and Hussey, 1997:74).
Qualitative data has to be collected in a thorough and rigorous to ensure the internal validity of the study and to increase its e
when generalising research findings.