Lecture 4Loops

Looping Constructs

The while Loop

public class DoubleInvestment{ public static void main(String[] args) { final double RATE = 5; final double INITIAL_BALANCE = 10000; final double TARGET = 2 * INITIAL_BALANCE; double balance = INITIAL_BALANCE; int year = 0; // Count the years required for the investment to double while (balance < TARGET) { year++; double interest = balance * RATE / 100; balance = balance + interest; } System.out.println("The investment doubled after " + year + " years."); }}

Years to Double Investment

Hand-Tracing Code Execution

This program computes the sum of the digits in an integer.

Example: The Number Guessing GameAlgorithm Design

The Problem: Write a program that guesses the user's secret number between 1 and 100. The program should be able to guess the number in seven tries or less.

The Algorithm:

1. Set the initial range between lo = 0 and hi = 101

2. The program makes a guess in the middle of the range

guess = (lo + hi)/2

3. If guess is too high, let hi = guess

4. If guess is too low, let lo = guess

5. If guess is correct claim victory and quit else return to Step 2.

Example: The Number Guessing GameImplementation

Let the game begin...

This is the setup

Example: The Number Guessing GameAnalysis

Starting with 100 possible answers, each wrong guess eliminates 1/2 of the possibilities.

Starting with 100, how many times would be have to divide by 2 before the resulting value is <= 1?

= 1

100=2𝑛

n =

n = 6.643856...

100 -> 50 -> 25 -> 12 -> 6 -> 3 -> 1

Example: Building a StopWatch

Whenever currentTimeMillis() is called it returns the current time in milliseconds.

The stopwatch gets the current time when the first OK is pressed (startTime) and it gets the current time again when the second OK is pressed (finishTime).

The elapsed time is computed as the difference between these two times converted to seconds.

Example: Building a StopWatch

Whenever currentTimeMillis() is called it returns the current time in milliseconds.

The stopwatch gets the current time when the first OK is pressed (startTime) and it gets the current time again when the second OK is pressed (finishTime).

The elapsed time is computed as the difference between these two times converted to seconds.

A Delay Timer

This method is very useful for controlling the speed of execution of a program. Control remains in the do-while( ) loop for delMsec milliseconds.

time delay in milliseconds

setting the time when loop is entered

stay in the loop for delMsec (Msec)

data.txt

Example: Reading Integers from a Textfile

necessary when readingdata from a file

Blanks, carriage returns, and other white-space will be ignored by Scanner inputs for numeric data types such as integer

for LoopThe for-loop is the oldest looping construct. It has been implemented in every procedural high-level programming language since FORTRAN (1957). For-loops are commonly used when you know the number of iterations to be performed before beginning the loop.

for Loop Examples

for Loop Test Program

The do while Loop

do while Test Program

Nested Loops

body of outer loop executes 10 times

body of inner loop executes 10 timeseach time it is called by the outer loop

inner loop prints 10 stars on a line

outer loop executes inner loop to print a line of stars and then starts a new line

more Nested Loop Examples

even more Nested Loop Examples

Multiplication Table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9-----------------------------------------1 | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 92 | 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 183 | 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 274 | 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 365 | 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 456 | 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 547 | 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 638 | 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 729 | 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81

Multiplication Table Generator

Greatest Common Divisor

Using break & continue

x = 369x = 531x = 89x = 453x = 801x = 777x = 28x = 241x = 597x = 989x = 657x = 597x = 335Must have gotten a 42

break - break out of the current loop

continue - continue immediately to the next iteration of the loop

Controlling Loops with Sentinel Values