Lecture 4 international un agencies and health

Lecture-4

Anwar Islam, PhD.Adjunct Professor,

School of Health Policy and Management,Faculty of Health, York University

INTERNATIONAL AND U.N. AGENCIES: STRUCTURE, AND ROLE

Topics for Discussion

INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES: Their Nature

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

UN AGENCIES AND HEALTH

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TYPES of Organizations

UN AGENCIES

MULTILATERALOrganizations

INTERNATIONAL NGOs

MULTINATIONAL Corporations

BILATERAL Agencies

PRIVATEFoundations

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UN AGENCIES/ORGANIZATIONS

UN AGENCIES (Health Related):

� WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION� UNICEF� UNFPA� UNDP

ALL PART OF UN DEVELOPMENT GROUP

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INTERNATIONAL NGOs

International NGOs: � CARE � OXFAM� Population Council� MSF: Medicins Sans Frontier� MI: Micro-nutrient Initiative� GAIN: Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition � Action Aid International � ICRC and Red Crescent Societies

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INTERNATIONAL NGOs

International NGOs: � Save the Children � Helen Keller Foundation � GAVI: Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization� World Vision International � HCI: Human Concern International � Amnesty International� PLAN International� IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature� Greenpeace

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UN AGENCIES

UN AGENCIES: NATURE

� PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS� GLOBAL PRESENCE� WORKS WITH GOVERNMENTS� GLOBAL ACCOUNTABILITY� REGIONAL/COUNTRY LEVEL PRSENCE

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World Health Organization

WHO: • Established April 7, 1948• HQ: Geneva• Mandate: Steward for Global Public Health• Governance: World Health Assembly – each

member-state is a member with equal voting rights• Executive Board: 34 members elected for 3 years by

the WHA to run day-to-day operations of the WHO• Director General: the Chief Executive elected by the

EB and endorsed by the WHA

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WHO Principles: 1. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social

well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

2. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition

3. The health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security and is dependent upon the fullest co-operation of individuals and States

4. The achievement of any State in the promotion and protection of health is of value to all

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WHO Principles

5. Unequal development in different countries in the promotion of health and control of disease is a common danger

6. Healthy development of the child is of basic importance for all of humanity

7. The extension to all peoples of the benefits of medical, psychological and related knowledge is essential to the fullest attainment of health

8. Informed opinion and active co-operation on the part of the public are essential for improvement of the health of all

9. Governments have a responsibility for the health of their peoples which can be fulfilled only by the provision of adequate health and social measures

WHO Constitution

• ACCEPTING THESE PRINCIPLES, the Constitution of the WHO was adopted by all parties to promote and protect the health of all peoples

• The Constitution was adopted by the International Health Conference held in New York from 19 June to 22 July 1946, signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States and entered into force on 7 April 1948

• Amendments adopted by the Twenty-sixth, Twenty-ninth, Thirty-ninth and Fifty-first World Health Assemblies (resolutions WHA26.37, WHA29.38, WHA39.6 and WHA51.23) came into force on 3 February 1977, 20 January 1984, 11 July 1994 and 15 September 2005 respectively

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WHO FUNCTIONS: • Providing Leadership in Matters Related to Health

and Engaging in Partnerships when needed • Sharing Research and Data • Setting norms and standards and promoting and

monitoring their implementation• Articulating Ethical and Evidence-based Policy

Options • Providing Technical Support and Building

Sustainable Institutional Capacity

• Monitoring Health Situation and Assessing Health Trends

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Steward

GLOBAL POLICY

STANDARDS

GLOBAL FINANCE

HS STRENGTHENING

TECHNICAL SUPPORT

ROLES

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Flag of the World Health Organization

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World Health Organizationالعالمية الصحة منظمة

世界卫生组织Organisation mondiale de la santé

Всемирная организация здравоохраненияOrganización Mundial de la Salud

Six Official Languages:

English ArabicChinese RussianFrench Spanish

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Abbreviations:

WHO OMSFormation: 7 April 1948 [World Health Day]Type: Specialized agency of the United NationsLegal status: ActiveHeadquarters: Geneva, SwitzerlandCurrent Head/DG: Dr. Margaret ChanParent organization: United Nations Economic

and Social Council (ECOSOC)

Websitewww.who.int

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Africa: Brazzaville, Republic of Congo AFRO[includes most of Africa, with the exception of Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Tunisia, Libya, Somalia and Morocco (all fall under EMRO)

Europe: Copenhagen, Denmark EURO [includes most of Europe and Israel]

South-East Asia: New Delhi, India SEARO[includes all countries of South-east Asia. Pakistan is under EMRO. North Korea is served by SEARO]

Regional Headquarters of WHO

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Eastern Mediterranean: Cairo, Egypt EMRO [Includes the countries of Africa that are not included in AFRO, as well as the countries of the Middle East, except for Israel. Pakistan is served by EMRO]

Western Pacific: Manila, Philippines WPRO [Covers all the Asian countries not served by SEARO and EMRO, and all the countries in Oceania. South Korea is served by WPRO]

The Americas: Washington D.C., USA . PAHO [Also known as the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and covers the Americas]

Regional Headquarters of WHO

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WHO: Finance Core Budget:

- Membership Fees from Member States- Membership Fee varies by Financial Status- Largest Contributor: U.S.

Five “big” annual contributors (2012): - U.S. $110 Million- Japan $85 M- Germany $37 M- U.K. $31 M- France $31 M

Special/Project Contribution by bilateral agencies/foundations/donors

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WHO: Finance Other interesting annual contributors:

- Canada $15 Million- China $14.8 M- Netherlands $ 8.6 M- Australia $ 8.9 M- Italy $23.2 M- Mexico $10.9 M- South Korea $10.5 M- Russia $ 7.4 M- India $ 2.4 M- Brazil $ 7.5 M

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WHO: Finance Selected Developing Countries’ annual contributors:

- Indonesia $1.1 Million- Iran $1.1 M- Malaysia $1.2 M- Pakistan $ 380,830 - Philippines $ 417,580 - Peru $ 417,980- Egypt $ 436,560- Bangladesh $ 46,440- Tanzania $ 37,160- Zambia $ 18,580- Sierra Leone $ 4,650

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Some Major Special Programs Include:Roll Back MalariaStop TBGlobal Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI)EPISafe Motherhood Other programs on:- Non-communicable Diseases- Research and Training on Tropical Diseases- Mental Health- Road Traffic Safety

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Special Program/Project Contributions:

Bilateral agencies like USAID, JICA, DfID, NORAD, SIDA, DFATD (Canada), GTZ

Foundations: Bill and Melinda Gates, Rockefeller, Ford, Bloomberg, HP Foundation

Philanthropists:- Ted Turner- Warren Buffett- Li Ka-shing

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WHOFinance

Assessed Membership Contributions

Special ProgramContribution

CORE BUDGET

ADDITIONAL FUNDS

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Finance Issues:

CORE Budget is “controlled” by the governing body of WHO – the World Health Assembly

It is placed in and approved by the WHA

The EB may periodically review the core budget and report to the WHA

In other words, the WHA is accountable for the Core Budget


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Finance Issues:

The “additional funding” is for specific specialized / vertical programs and is “controlled” by oversight committee set to oversee such programs

“Donors” represent and often dominate such Oversight Committees

WHA has little “knowledge” and/or “control” over such special funds


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Finance Issues:

Since the 1980s, the special funds are increasing more rapidly than the “core” contributions by member states

The core Budget is now only 25% of the total expenditure by the WHO

In short, WHA has little “control” over the greater part of WHO annual expenditure/budget

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Finance Issues: For example, the combined 2012-2013 budget

proposed a total expenditure of $3.96 Billion Only $944 Million of this total (24%) is from

Assessed Contributions from Member States In other words, “Voluntary” contributions

constituted 76% of the total expenditure Member states, through the WHA, had control

or oversight over only 24% of the total WHO expenditure

Challenge: How to strengthen accountability

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Other Issues:

HQ versus the Regional Offices: Distribution of power and financial resources

Regionalization of WHO: Myth and Reality Role of NGOs as partners Coordination with other UN Agencies Coordination with Bilateral Agencies Coordination with Multilateral Organizations

especially the World Bank

WHO Milestones

WHO: Major Milestones:The Alma Ata Declaration of 1978Promising Health for All (HFA) by 2000Move to Define and Strengthen Health Systems (2000)Addressing Global Health Workforce Issues: JLI Report, 2004; and WHR 2006Promoting Universal Health Care (WHR 2010)

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Lecture 4 international un agencies and health

Health & Medicine

Transcript of Lecture 4 international un agencies and health