Lecture 4 Fitness Examination & Field Testing
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Transcript of Lecture 4 Fitness Examination & Field Testing
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Module 515536: Exercise and Sports Science
Fitness Examination andField Testing
K. M. Sheehy
Senior Lecturer
AUT University 2007
Acknowledgement
Images used in this presentation have been
taken from the following text:
Bishop, B. & Hume, P. (2000).Guidelines forathletic assessment in New Zealand sport. Sportand Exercise Science New Zealand.
AUT University is eternally grateful to Sport
and Exercise Science New Zealand for theuse of these images.
Learning Outcomes
Principles of testing
Understand the role of testing in strength andconditioning programmes
Discuss the principles for selecting,administrating, terminating and interpretingappropriate test procedures
Demonstrate the integration of testing into theoverall training programme and ensuringreliability, accuracy and validity in testingprocedures and results
Select test protocols that are appropriate to aparticular sport
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Introduction Objectives of testing:
To provide an objective profile of an athletes musculoskeletal fitness to engagein a sporting activity with minimum risk & injury, in addition maximummusculoskeletal performance.
Negative information that provides or modifies performance must be considered:i.e. Disease, flu or unsolved injuries that continually cause niggles.
Information is needed about physical deficiencies in strength, flexibility orendurance that may predispose an athlete to injury.
Correction of these deficiencies will decrease the risks & provide the optimummusculoskeletal base for athlete performance.
A reproducible record for sequent examinations, whether for the next season orafter injury is needed.
To use the deviations from optimal levels: i.e. The various aspects of athletefitness to construct a sports specific programme to normalise any deficienciesdiscovered in the examination & testing.
Contents
What is a Fitness Test?
Why Perform Fitness Testing?
When Do We Perform Fitness Testing?
Field versus Laboratory
Selecting Appropriate Tests
Testing Sequence
Normative data
Principles of Fitness Testing Evaluation / Statistics
What is a Fitness Test A test designed to access the current state of a
specific component of physical fitness
Tests should be specific i.e. they should isolate a singlecomponent of fitness
Tests should be valid & reliable reproduce resultsconsistently
Tests should be sensitive: i.e.. It should be accurate enoughto detect change in fitness
Tests should be objective - they should measure something
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Why Perform Fitness Testing? Strength & weaknesses (physical profiling)
Baseline data for exercise prescription
Feedback on athletes progress (improvement since last test)
Assess training effectiveness
Monitor health (overtraining)
Motivation to train
Establish normative data
Talent ID
Team / crew selection
When Do We Perform Fitness Tests?
Depends on your reason for performing the
testing.
To monitor fitness
Tests should be performed regularly
Rule of thumb - tests should be performed every 6 8 weeks
During important training phases
Testing can be performed more regularly
Too often
No time for change (can be demoralising)
Too infrequently
No feedback on progress (hard to access trainingeffectiveness)
When Do We Perform Fitness Tests?
Profiling athletes
Tests should be performed when athletes are at peak physical
fitness
Exercise prescription
Depends on the phase of the season, i.e. general preparation,competition or taper
Talent ID
Tests should be performed prior to team selection taking place
Time of year
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Disadvantages of Field
Testing Reliability / Validity
Sensitivity
Personal motivation
Environmental influences
Not sophisticated enough
Key Point -
Types of Tests
Submaximal Efforts Maximal Efforts Cadence Tests
Heart rate
response
Time trials Ability to maintain
a prescribed
cadence
Distance covered Distance covered Cumulative
scoring
Other
physiological
measures
Performance
decrements
Heart rate or
other measures
Selecting Appropriate Tests To access the capabilities of an individual, or group
of athletes The Relevance
Tests should be sport specific & mimic actual sportingmovement
Validity The tests must measure what they claim to measure
Reliability Tests must be consistent and reproducible
Acceptance The tests should have a sound scientific base & be accepted by
peers
Feasibility It must be possible to effectively complete the number of tests
within the selected protocol given the availability of time,resources & facilities
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Validity
An appropriate test should always measure what itclaims to measure - the test should bevalid.
Can be determined by close examination of its
content or by comparison with another acceptedmeasure of the same performance factor under
scrutiny.
Example: A test of aerobic capacity must be of sufficient length (in time)
to ensure that the aerobic energy system is the predominate contributor to
performance in that test.
Alternatively:A high correlation between a test that directly measures
aerobic capacity, such as the Shuttle Run test, & direct measurement of
VO2 max obtained using a graded exercise test to exhaustion on a
treadmill in a lab would establish the validity of the Shuttle Run as a
measure of running endurance.
The reliability of a quantitative measure is a criterionfor assessing its quality.
Reliability refers to the consistencywith which aninstrument measure this attribute.
An appropriate test should produce the sameresults on different testing occasions.
Testers have to be diligent in ensuring the factorswithin both the subjects & the testing arena are heldconstant from one testing session to the next.
To be reliable, the physical & psychological stateof the subject must be known & controlled .
The testing environment & protocols must berepeated exactly the same.
Reliability
Recommended Tests & Testing Sequence
Baseline testing should always be performed prior
to the initiation of any programme.
The testing is valuable not only for assessing the
athletes starting point
Also for helping to identify any obvious or latent
strengths & weaknesses the athletes may have.
The data gathered forms the nucleus around which
the training programme is designed.
Table 1 shows recommended tests & testing
sequence along with the rationale for the tests.
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Recommended Tests & Testing Sequence NZ Squash
Anthropometric Measures
1. Body composition
2. Standing Height
3. Weight
To evaluate lean body mass: goals are to decrease body fat and
increase lean body mass.
Aid in evaluation body composition and setting potential goals.
Flexibility
1. Sit & reach
To identify flexibility deficits & improvement in the hamstring &
lower back area.
Aerobic Capacity
1. 3 km run / or Multistage Shuttle run or
treadmill
To measure cardiovascular endurance.
To measure peripheral muscular endurance.
Repetitive Leg Power
1. Standing, 4 hops plus jump
To measure lower body power.
Localised Muscular Endurance
1. One minute sit-ups
2. One minute press-ups
To quantify abdominal endurance.
To quantify upper body endurance.
Speed & Agility
1. 20 meter sprint
2. T test * Both directions
To measure forward acceleration and speed.
To measure multiple direction & reactivity time.
The Tests above are only a sampling of the tests that
can be performed on a squash athlete
Of primary importance, is the reliability & validity of the test & its
administration.
Table 1
Testing Sequence
The order in which the battery is performed
should be carefully considered
To ensure that the physical demands of one test do
not compromise the results of subsequent
evaluations
Recovery intervals between tests should be
planned to ensure that the risk of injury to athletes
is kept to an absolute minimum
One day: speed, strength, power before aerobic
Two days: speed & aerobic day 1, strength, power onday 2
Tests
The following tests
contain some of the
most commonlyidentified physiological
parameters
Examples of bothlaboratory & field tests
used by conditioning
specialists when
assessing athletic
abilities
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Cardio-Respiratory Endurance These tests should
measure heart rate
response to exercise
Can only assess the
efficiency & capacity for
O2 extraction & utilisation
(VO2max), given the
ability of sophisticated
gas analysis equipment:
Exercise Tests
Maximal Direct Tests
Metabolic cart measuring expired air
Can use treadmill, cycle or swimming
Maximal Indirect Tests
Treadmill (walking or running), cycle, step tests
Submaximal (Indirect) Tests
Treadmill, cycle, step tests, rowing, swimming Also field tests such as distance runs/walks
Field Tests of CRE
Step Tests
Queens College
Astrand-Ryhming Harvard
Canadian Home Fitness Test
Treadmill Tests
Astrand & Rodahl
Balke
Bruce
Rockport Walking Test
Ventilatory & LactateThresholds
Distance Runs
20 m shuttle run
Coopers 12 min run 15 min run
3 km run
Ergometers
Astrand
PWC 170
Tri-level
Other Tests
12 min swim
PACER Test
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Anaerobic Endurance The athletes ability to sustain high intensity
activity is measured during this type of
assessment:
Tri-level (lactic power 30 secs)
Tri-level (alactic power 10 secs)
Shuttle run
Repeated speed tests (RHIET)
Phosphate decrement (10 x 40 m sprints per 30 sec 40 m jog recovery)
Muscular Strength
These tests can be used to highlight specific
strengths, weaknesses or imbalances &
relative improvements in response to training:
Isokinetic [Cybex, Kin Com, Biodex]
1-RM or 3-RM
Dynamometer
Kneeling overhead throw
Muscular Endurance
This type of test normally involves repetitive
movements designed to stress a particularmuscle group or group of muscles
Typically uses the athletes own body weight
as the major source of resistance:
Push ups
Sit ups
Pull ups (chins)
Dips
Prone bridge
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Power (Force x Velocity)Time
These tests are designed primarily to assessthe athletes ability to utilise energy &
strength to produce rapid & powerfulmovements: Vertical jumps, triple jumps, broad jumps
Margaria-Kalamen test
Wingate
Medicine ball throws
Bench press throws
Squat jumps
Speed (Displacement / Time)
Tests in this category are designed tomeasure the athletes ability to accelerate tomaximum velocity in the shortest possibletime frame
To be able to maintain the speed over apreset distance Stationary start 10 100m
Flying start 40 100m
Stride length
Stride frequency Throwing, kicking, serving velocity
Agility / Reaction Time / Balance
These tests reveal the athletes ability toperform a series of rapid movements in
opposing directions
T-test
5:0:5
Illinois agility run
Wobble board
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Body Composition kinantropometricassessment
Measurement of body fat and assessments of
lean body mass can be a guide to the
success of specifically designed weightloss/gain programmes
Hydrostatic weighing
Skinfolds
Body weight
Circumferences
Ultra sound
Flexibility Tests of range of motion at the various joints
recruited during the performance of particularsports specific activities can provide the coachwith an insight into muscle rigidity, lengthimbalance & injury susceptibility
Shoulder extension test
Sit & reach
Thomas test
The gastrocnemius test
The soleus test
Hamstring: active & passive
Video Analysis for Skill
Video analysis aims to provide feedback to coaches & athletes with agoal of increasing the desired performance.
The athletes technique can be studied usually at slow speed or frameby frame.
Qualitative (subjective assessment non numerical evaluation) &qualitative (measurement based provide kinematics & kinetics)feedback can provide a description of the movement in detail.
Two dimensional or three dimensional analysis can be chosendepending on the type of movement patterns.
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Normative Data Mens & Womens Aerobics Fitness Classifications
Principles of Fitness Testing
Testers
Environment
Order ofTests
Instructions
Group /
Individual
Validity &
Reliability of
Test Results
TestAdministration
Planning for the Testing Session
Planning
Know the test Pre-test planning
Develop directions
Prepare athletes
Plan warm-up & number of trials
Equipment & boundaries
Recording sheets
Time needed to administer the testing
Key Point -
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Administration of the Test
Success will be governed by preparation
Ensure medical consent forms have been read,
understood & signed where applicable
Ensure pre-screening questionnaire has beenread, understood, followed & completed
Provide for athlete privacy where necessary,i.e., during anthropometric testing
Administration of the Test Ensure the athlete is prepared & dressed for the
particular exercise
Prepare athletes on test day by following all pre-org
to ensure they are fully conversant with test
procedures
Motivate athletes: all athletes should be given thesame degree of motivation
Ensure safety during the entire session, be prepared
for the unexpected & remain alert
Test Termination indications for
Stopping a Test Key Points Onset of angina
Failure of HR to increase as intensity increases
Change to heart rhythm
SBP either 260 mmHg, drops 10 mmHg OR fails
to rise
DBP 115 mmHg
Severe fatigue, faintness, confusion, nausea, light-headedness, shortness of breath
Subject asks to stop
Failure of test equipment
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Post Test Procedure
Analyze test scores
Complete as soon as possible after the testing
Report as soon as possible after the testing period
Necessary modifications to individual / team
programmes
File test scores
Add to data bank / group norms
Evaluation / Statistics The analysis of data collected provides the results of
the testing.
These results need to be evaluated & interpretedwhich is often a challenging task.
The interpretation should take into consideration theaim of the testing, its theoretical underpinnings & theexisting body of related research knowledge & thelimitations of the adopted testing methods.
The interpretive task involves consideration of thefollowing aspects: The credibility & accuracy of results
The meaning of the results
The importance of the results The extent that the results can be generalised
The implications for practice, theory or research
Summary
Testing need not be time consuming & with the
availability of portable equipment can easily be donein the field.
To minimise disruption of training, reassessments
should be scheduled to coincide with low intensity,
low volume periods in the normal training cycle.
Testing may be used to motivate athletes, to this
end, test days should be scheduled as special
events.
This in no way precludes the use of test procedures
as regular training drills.
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Readings and Review Tasks
List the advantages of using field testing over
lab testing.
List the disadvantages of using field testing
over lab testing.
List 6 factors to consider when planning for a
testing session.
List 6 indications for stopping a test.
References Bishop, B. & Hume, P. (2000).Guidelines for athletic
assessment in New Zealand sport. Sport and ExerciseScience New Zealand.
Gibbins, D. (1993). Fitness testing and assessment ofthe athlete a review. Strength and ConditioningCoach, 1 (4), 22 23.
Sheehy, K. (1994). New Zealand squash highperformance programme testing and re-testing.Squash Institute of New Zealand, New ZealandSquash Inc.
Toomey, M. J. (1994). Field testing seminar: beam-breaker timing. School of Physical Education,University of Otago, Road Show.
Glossary
Specificity the test is designed to access an athletes fitnessfor the activity in question
Validity it tests what it purports to test
Reliability the test is capable of consistent repetition
Objectivity it can produce a consistent result irrespective ofthe tester