Lecture 3-More deviations from Mendelian ratios For extra credit question, please use the index...
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Transcript of Lecture 3-More deviations from Mendelian ratios For extra credit question, please use the index...
Lecture 3-More deviations from Mendelian ratios
For extra credit question, please use the index cards provided at the back of the room
Print your name, TA name, and section # at top of card and place in the appropriate box at the front of the room.
Thanks!
Extra-credit question:
In some cases, not all individuals with a particular genotype show the expected phenotype. The frequency with which a genotype gives rise to the expected phenotype is called the _______________ of that genotype.
Sex Linkage: mammals, flies
Diploid XAXa XAYAdults
GametesXA XA Y
XA
YXA
Xa
Xa
XAXA
XAXa XaY
XAYFemale
Male
HeterogameticSex
Sex Linkage: birds, butterflies
Diploid ZBW ZBZb
Adults Female Male
GametesZB ZB Zb
ZB
ZbZB
W
W
ZBZb
ZBW ZbW
ZBZb
Female
Male
HeterogameticSex
HomogameticSex
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Male pattern baldness: what kind of inheritance?
Siamese or “Himalayan”
Different allele of the C locus that causes albinism. Temperature sensitive.
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Phenotypes are not always a direct reflection of genotypes
Temperature-sensitive alleles: Siamese color pattern
Nutritional effects: phenylketonuria
Genetic anticipation: several genetic diseases
Phenylketonuria
Nutritional defect: can’t metabolize phenylalanine.
Can lead to severe physical and mental disorders in children, but only if they consume phenylalanine.
Disease phenotype can be avoided by eliminating phenylalanine from the diet
Genetic Anticipation
Huntington disease
Fragile-X syndrome
Kennedy disease
Myotonic muscular dystrophy
Fragile X syndrome
Symptoms: delayed development & mental retardation. More severe in males than females
Caused by expansion of triplet repeat (CGG) in a gene on the long arm of the X chromosome
Named for breakage of X chromosome in cell preparations.
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Fragile X
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Normal range: 7-52 (average=30)
“Pre-mutation”: 60-200 repeats
Full Mutation: > 230-1000s. DNA becomes abnormally methylated, promoter is inactivated, and gene silenced.
Pre-mutation is unstable: maternally-inherited premutation with >100 repeats almost always expands to a full mutation
Genetic Anticipation: Fragile X
Most common kind of inherited mental retardation.
Named for “fragile site”
Due to expansion of 3-base pair repeat (CGG) in a gene near the tip of the long arm of X chromosome.
Fragile X
Pre-mutation is unstable: maternally-inherited premutation with >100 repeats almost always expands to a full mutation
Genetic Anticipation causes subsequent generations in a family to be more severely affected by a disease. It does this by increasing the number of triplet repeats in the fragile area of the X chromosome through the generations.
Huntington DiseaseAutosomal dominant lethal (chromosome 4)Progressive neurological deteriorationFirst symptoms appear after reproductive ageOne of 8 known neurodegenerative diseases caused by expansion of (CAG) repeats All show inverse correlation with age of onset and number of repeats.
Huntington DiseaseAutosomal dominant lethal (chromosome 4)Progressive neurological deteriorationFirst symptoms appear after reproductive ageOne of 8 known neurodegenerative diseases caused by expansion of (CAG) repeats All show inverse correlation with age of onset and number of repeats.
Huntington DiseaseAutosomal dominant lethal (chromosome 4)Progressive neurological deteriorationFirst symptoms appear after reproductive ageOne of 8 known neurodegenerative diseases caused by expansion of (CAG) repeats All show inverse correlation with age of onset and number of repeats.
Which is the pedigree of autosomal dominant (like HD)
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Sum Rule
The combined probability of two events that are mutually exclusive is the sum of the individual probabilities. Clue: look for “or”
Q: What’s the probability of rolling a ‘five’ or a ‘six’ on one six-sided die?
A: 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3
Genetic Example: Monohybrid Cross
P: GG X ggF1: Gg X GgF2: 1/4 GG: 1/2 Gg: 1/4 gg
What is the probability that the F2 offspring has the dominant phenotype (is either GG or Gg)?
1/4 GG + 1/2 Gg = 3/4 G-
Genetic Example 2: Dihybrid Cross
P: GG ww X gg WW
F1: Gg Ww X Gg Ww
F2: 9/16 G-W- 3/16 G-ww 3/16 ggW- 1/16 ggww
Q: What is the probability that an F2 offspring will have the dominant phenotype (G-ww or ggW-) for only one of the two traits?
3/16 G-ww + 3/16 ggW- = 6/16=3/8
Product Rule
The probability of several independent events is the product of the individual probabilities.
Two events are independent if the occurrence of the first event has no effect on the probability of the second event. Clue: look for “and”.
Q: You roll two dice. What’s the probability of getting a ‘two’ on the first one and a ‘five’ on the second one.A: 1/6 * 1/6 = 1/36
Genetic example of product rule
P: AA bb CC DD ee ff x aa BB cc dd EE FF
F1: Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff x Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff
Q: What proportion of F2 progeny will be
AA bb Cc DD ee Ff ?
A: 1/4 * 1/4 * 1/2 * 1/4 * 1/4 * 1/2 = 1/1024
Epistasis Problem 1Retinitis pigmentosa, a form of blindness in man may be caused either by a
dominant autosomal gene, R, or a recessive autosomal gene, a. Thus only A-rr individuals are normal. An afflicted man whose parents are both normal marries a woman of genotype AaRr. What proportion of the children are expected to suffer from this affliction if R and A are inherited independently?
A: A- rr
Q1: What are the genotypes of the afflicted man’s parents?
A:
Q1: What is the afflicted man’s genotype?
Q1: Draw the cross between the afflicted man and his wife.
Aa rr
aa rr
Solution
P: Aa Rr x aa rr
F1: 1/4 Aa Rr: 1/4 Aa rr: 1/4 aa Rr: 1/4 aa rr
A: 3/4 offspring will have the disorder
Epistasis Problem 2In the summer squash (Cucurbita pepo) spherical fruit is
recessive to disk, True-breeding spherical types from different geographic regions were crossed. The F1's were disk, and the F2's segregated 35 disk, 25 spherical and 4 long. Explain these results.
Q: What’s the first step? A: Notice novel phenotypes: disk, long.
Q: What’s the next step? A: Notice there are three F2 phenotypes. What kind of inheritance will give three F2 phenotypes?
Incomplete dominanceEpistasis
Expected F2 ratio?1:2:1Variation on 9:3:3:1
Genetic Model
P: Spherical
Gen: AAbb
x Spherical
aaBB
F1: All
Aa
Disk
Bb
F2: 35 disk
Ratio: 9
25 Spherical
6
4 long
1
Gen: A-B- aaB- or A-bb aabb
Sex Linkage
Q: Cinnamon is a sex-linked recessive plumage color in chickens. A cinnamon rooster is crossed to a wild-type hen from a pure-breeding stock. What types of male and female offspring will result from this cross?
Q: What’s the first step?