Lecture 3 Medicinal plants and MPM which contain vitamins.

Lecture 3Lecture 3Medicinal plants and MPM Medicinal plants and MPM

which contain vitaminswhich contain vitamins

PlannerPlanner1. Vitamins definition.

2. Classification of vitamins.

3. Identification and quantity determination of vitamins content.

4. Medicinal plants and raw material containing vitamins

A vitamin is an organic compound required as a A vitamin is an organic compound required as a nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism nutrient in tiny amounts by an organism

Vitamins are distributed widely and are normally Vitamins are distributed widely and are normally ingested as constituents of various food substances.ingested as constituents of various food substances.

Standardized, partially purified concentrates and Standardized, partially purified concentrates and isolated vitamins can be obtained for commercial isolated vitamins can be obtained for commercial purpose from a variety of animal, microbial, and purpose from a variety of animal, microbial, and plant sources, however, chemical synthesis is more plant sources, however, chemical synthesis is more feasible for many of the vitaminsfeasible for many of the vitamins

The consumption by the general public of vitamin The consumption by the general public of vitamin preparations is enormous and this is one of the preparations is enormous and this is one of the larger areas of the pharmaceutical industry.larger areas of the pharmaceutical industry.

ClassificationClassification1. Letter classification ― the letters of the Latin

alphabet were used to designate vitamins as they were discovered. A, B, C, D

2. According to their physiological action.3. According to the physical properties:Soluble in fats (A, D, E, K, F)Soluble in water (vitamins of the B complex,

folic acid, ascorbic acid

O O

OHOH

OH

OH

O O

OO

OH

OH

аскорбінова кислота дегідроаскорбінова кислота

-2H+

-2H+

4. Chemical classification4. Chemical classification1) 1) Aliphatic vitaminsAliphatic vitamins: :

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Ascorbic acid Dihydroascorbic acid

Vitamin F (lipoic acid: linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic acids ), B5 (pantothenic acid), B15 (pangamic acid)

2) AlicyclicVitamins A (retinol) and D (D3 - cholecalciferol, D2 ergocalciferol)

Cholecalciferol

3) Aromatic vitamins3) Aromatic vitamins

Vitamin K ( phytomenadione – KVitamin K ( phytomenadione – K22, , phylloquinone – Kphylloquinone – K11))

4) Heterocyclic vitaminsVitamins E (tocopherol), B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavine), B6 (pyridoxine), PP (nicotinamide), nicotinic acid, B12 (cyanocobalamine), Folic acid (folacin, vitamin Bc, vitamin M, factor V), H (biotin), Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q10).

Vitamin A – retinol and carotenoidsVitamin A – retinol and carotenoids Vitamin B1- thiamineVitamin B1- thiamine Vitamin B2- riboflavinVitamin B2- riboflavin Vitamin B3- niacin, niacinamideVitamin B3- niacin, niacinamide Vitamin B5- pantothenic acidVitamin B5- pantothenic acid Vitamin B6- pyridoxine Vitamin B6- pyridoxine Vitamin B7- biotinVitamin B7- biotin Vitamin B9- folic acidVitamin B9- folic acid Vitamin Vitamin B12- cyanocobalamin- cyanocobalamin Vitamin B15 - - pangamic acidpangamic acid Vitamin C- ascorbic acidVitamin C- ascorbic acid Vitamin D2- ergocalciferolVitamin D2- ergocalciferol Vitamin D3- cholecalciferolVitamin D3- cholecalciferol Vitamin E- tocoferolVitamin E- tocoferol Vitamin K- phylloquinone KVitamin K- phylloquinone K11

RECOMMENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES FOR 70 KG MALE,AGE 25-50

• Carbohydrate 364 g• Fat 80 g• Protein 56 g• Essential Fatty Acids 3-6 g• Calcium, Phosphorus 800 mg• Choline 500 mg• Ascorbic acid 60 mg• Niacin 19 mg• Iron, Vitamin E 10 mg• Pyridoxine 2 mg• Riboflavin 1.7 mg• Thiamine 1.5 mg• Vitamin A 1 mg• Folic acid 400 µg• Vitamin K 80 µg• Vitamin D 15 µg• Vitamin B12 3 µg

VITAMIN AVITAMIN A Function:Function: Retinol is a precursor for retinal that is used Retinol is a precursor for retinal that is used

in the visual cycle and for retinoic acid that is required in the visual cycle and for retinoic acid that is required for maintenance of epithelial cells. In the visual cycle, for maintenance of epithelial cells. In the visual cycle, opsin binds the 11-cis isomer of retinal. Light causes opsin binds the 11-cis isomer of retinal. Light causes the conversion to the all-trans isomer which is only the conversion to the all-trans isomer which is only weakly bound to opsin. weakly bound to opsin.

Effect of Deficiency:Effect of Deficiency: Night blindness and keratinization Night blindness and keratinization of epithelial cells.of epithelial cells.

- - Oral manifestations: Hyperplasia of the gingiva, Oral manifestations: Hyperplasia of the gingiva, gingivitis, periodontitisgingivitis, periodontitis

Sources:Sources: Vegetables, fish liver oil. Note beta-carotene Vegetables, fish liver oil. Note beta-carotene is a precursor of retinolis a precursor of retinol

RDA:RDA: 1000 retinol equivalents (corresponds to 1000 µg 1000 retinol equivalents (corresponds to 1000 µg retinol or 6000 µg beta-carotene). Excess vitamin A is retinol or 6000 µg beta-carotene). Excess vitamin A is toxic.toxic.

Converted to all-transretinal byphotoisomerization

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© 2005 Elsevier

Beta carotene is a precursor for the formation of retinal, aform of vitamin A

Provitamins Provitamins are chemically similar to a vitamins. During metabolism or photosynthesis, these substances transforms into vitamins.

β-carotene

Vitamin A - Retinol

VITAMIN DVITAMIN D Function:Function: Regulation of calcium levels through Regulation of calcium levels through

actions on intestine, kidney and bone. Vitamin actions on intestine, kidney and bone. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) requires conversion to D3 (cholecalciferol) requires conversion to 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 to form the active 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 to form the active compound.compound.

Effect of Deficiency:Effect of Deficiency: Rickets, osteomalacia Rickets, osteomalacia- Oral manifestations: Deficiency associated - Oral manifestations: Deficiency associated with incomplete mineralization of teeth. with incomplete mineralization of teeth. Excess associated with pulp calcificationExcess associated with pulp calcification

Sources:Sources: UV irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol UV irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin, fish liver oils and supplemented in the skin, fish liver oils and supplemented milkmilk

RDA:RDA: 600 international units (15 µg 600 international units (15 µg cholecalciferol) - IOM recommendation 2010 - cholecalciferol) - IOM recommendation 2010 - and not more than 4000 IUsand not more than 4000 IUs


© 2005 Elsevier

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is theactive metabolite of Vitamin D

VITAMIN EVITAMIN E

Function:Function: Vitamin E (Tocopherol)is a lipid-soluble Vitamin E (Tocopherol)is a lipid-soluble antioxidant and helps to prevent lipid damage. antioxidant and helps to prevent lipid damage.

Effect of Deficiency:Effect of Deficiency: In humans, deficiency is In humans, deficiency is associated with lysis of erythrocytes.associated with lysis of erythrocytes.

Sources:Sources: Vegetables and wheat germ oil Vegetables and wheat germ oil RDA:RDA: 15 international unit. Larger amounts (100- 15 international unit. Larger amounts (100-

400 units) have been suggested but are probably 400 units) have been suggested but are probably not advisable.not advisable.


© 2005 Elsevier

Vitamin E is alipid-solubleantioxidant

VITAMIN KVITAMIN K Function:Function: Vitamin K is a coenzyme for the Vitamin K is a coenzyme for the

carboxylation of glutamic acid side chains of carboxylation of glutamic acid side chains of some blood clotting factors (prothrombin, some blood clotting factors (prothrombin, factors VII, IX and X).factors VII, IX and X).

Effect of Deficiency:Effect of Deficiency: A deficiency of vitamin K is A deficiency of vitamin K is rare but can be associated with prolonged rare but can be associated with prolonged blood clotting times.blood clotting times.

- Oral manifestation: gingival bleeding- Oral manifestation: gingival bleeding Sources:Sources: Vitamin K is produced by intestinal Vitamin K is produced by intestinal

bacteria.bacteria. RDA:RDA: No RDA has been established but 70-140 No RDA has been established but 70-140

µg may be appropriate.µg may be appropriate.


© 2005 Elsevier

Vitamin K is requiredfor the gamma carboxylationof glutamate residues

VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC AID)VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC AID)

Function:Function: Ascorbic acid is a water soluble Ascorbic acid is a water soluble antioxidant and it promotes the hydroxylation antioxidant and it promotes the hydroxylation of proline residues of collagen. Ascorbic acid is of proline residues of collagen. Ascorbic acid is also required in the synthesis of carnitine, also required in the synthesis of carnitine, dopamine and bile acids.dopamine and bile acids.

Effect of Deficiency:Effect of Deficiency: Scurvy (hemorrhage, Scurvy (hemorrhage, impaired wound healing and bone formation).impaired wound healing and bone formation).

- Oral manifestations: Bleeding gums, loose - Oral manifestations: Bleeding gums, loose teethteeth

Sources:Sources: Fruits and vegetables Fruits and vegetables RDA:RDA: 60 mg/day 60 mg/day


© 2005 Elsevier

Vitamin C is an antioxidant

THIAMINE (B1)THIAMINE (B1)

Function:Function: Thiamine is converted to thiamine Thiamine is converted to thiamine pyrophosphate which is a cofactor for oxidative pyrophosphate which is a cofactor for oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids and for decarboxylation of alpha-keto acids and for transketolase.transketolase.

Effect of Deficiency:Effect of Deficiency: Beri-beri and Wernicke- Beri-beri and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Polyneuritis, cardiac Korsakoff syndrome. Polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, edemapathology, edema

- Oral manifestations: Satinlike appearance of - Oral manifestations: Satinlike appearance of tongue and gingiva (atrophy of filliform tongue and gingiva (atrophy of filliform papillae), angular cheilosispapillae), angular cheilosis

Sources:Sources: Beans, nuts, fruits, etc. Beans, nuts, fruits, etc. RDA:RDA: 1.5 mg/day 1.5 mg/day

RIBOFLAVIN (B2)RIBOFLAVIN (B2)

Function:Function: Riboflavin is a precursor for the Riboflavin is a precursor for the coenzymes, FMN and FAD.coenzymes, FMN and FAD.

Effect of Deficiency: atrophy of filliform Effect of Deficiency: atrophy of filliform papillae, angular cheilosispapillae, angular cheilosis

Sources:Sources: Milk, liver, green vegetables Milk, liver, green vegetables RDA:RDA: 1.7 mg/day 1.7 mg/day


© 2005 Elsevier

Riboflavin is a precursor for the coenzymes FMN and FAD

NIACIN (NICOTINIC ACID, PP)NIACIN (NICOTINIC ACID, PP)

Function:Function: As nicotinic acid or nicotinamide it is a As nicotinic acid or nicotinamide it is a precursor for the coenzymes NAD and NADP.precursor for the coenzymes NAD and NADP.

Effect of Deficiency:Effect of Deficiency: Pellagra (dermatitis, Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia and if severe, death)diarrhea, dementia and if severe, death)

- Oral manifestations: Angular cheilosis, glossitis, - Oral manifestations: Angular cheilosis, glossitis, ulcerative glossitisulcerative glossitis

Sources:Sources: Legumes, meat Legumes, meat RDA:RDA: 19 mg/day 19 mg/day


© 2005 Elsevier

Niacin and nicotinamideare the chief precursorsfor the synthesis of NADand NADP

PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6)PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B6)

Function:Function: Pyridoxine (pyridoxol) is a precursor of Pyridoxine (pyridoxol) is a precursor of pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for pyridoxal phosphate which is a coenzyme for enzymes catalyzing transamination, enzymes catalyzing transamination, deamination,decarboxylation and for glycogen deamination,decarboxylation and for glycogen phosphorylase. phosphorylase.

Effect of Deficiency:Effect of Deficiency: Dermatitis, convulsions, Dermatitis, convulsions, microcytic anemiamicrocytic anemia

Sources:Sources: Liver, fish, nuts, whole grain cereals Liver, fish, nuts, whole grain cereals RDA:RDA: 2 mg/day 2 mg/day


© 2005 Elsevier

Different forms of vitamin B6 are precursors for the synthesis ofpyridoxal phosphate


© 2005 Elsevier

Pyridoxal phosphate is used in transamination reactions

BIOTIN (H)BIOTIN (H)

Function:Function: Biotin acts as a coenzyme in Biotin acts as a coenzyme in carboxylation reactions in covalent linkage to carboxylation reactions in covalent linkage to lysine side chains of enzymes.lysine side chains of enzymes.

Effect of Deficiency:Effect of Deficiency: Dermatitis, anorexia, Dermatitis, anorexia, nausea, muscle painnausea, muscle pain

Sources:Sources: Intestinal microorganisms, liver, Intestinal microorganisms, liver, vegetablesvegetables

RDA:RDA: An RDA has not been established. Note An RDA has not been established. Note avidin in raw eggs has tight binding for biotin avidin in raw eggs has tight binding for biotin and in high amounts can cause a biotin and in high amounts can cause a biotin deficiency.deficiency.

PANTOTHENIC ACIDPANTOTHENIC ACID

Function:Function: Pantothenic acid is a precursor of Pantothenic acid is a precursor of pantotheine. This structure forms part of pantotheine. This structure forms part of coenzyme A.coenzyme A.

Effect of Deficiency:Effect of Deficiency: A deficiency is practically A deficiency is practically unknown. There may be nausea and fatigue.unknown. There may be nausea and fatigue.

Sources:Sources: Pantothenic acid is widely distributed Pantothenic acid is widely distributed and is synthesized by some intestinal bacteriaand is synthesized by some intestinal bacteria

RDA:RDA: An RDA has not been established. 5-10 mg/ An RDA has not been established. 5-10 mg/ day might be used.day might be used.


© 2005 Elsevier

Pantothenic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of coenzyme A

FOLIC ACIDFOLIC ACID

Function:Function: Folic acid is a precursor for Folic acid is a precursor for tetrahydrofolate that is used as a carrier of one tetrahydrofolate that is used as a carrier of one carbon units at different levels of oxidation.carbon units at different levels of oxidation.

Effect of Deficiency:Effect of Deficiency: Megaloblastic anemia, GI Megaloblastic anemia, GI disturbancesdisturbances

Sources:Sources: Intestinal bacteria, liver, yeast and Intestinal bacteria, liver, yeast and green vegetablesgreen vegetables

RDA:RDA: 400 µg/day. Before food supplementation, 400 µg/day. Before food supplementation, folic acid deficiency was the most common folic acid deficiency was the most common vitamin deficiency in the United Statesvitamin deficiency in the United States

Folic Acid

VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN)VITAMIN B12 (COBALAMIN) Chemical Nature: Vitamin B12 is a complex multiple ring

structure which includes a cobalt atom. Function: Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) derived cofactors are

used for two important reactions: I. methylmalonyl CoA isomerase requires 5-deoxyadenosyl

cobalamin II. Homocysteine: tetrahydrofolate methyl transferase

requires methyl cobalamin and N5-methyltetrahydrofolate Vitamin B12 is absorbed from the ileum as a complex with

intrinsic factor which is produced by the gastric mucosa. Effect of Deficiency: Pernicious anemia and degeneration of

spinal cord neurons- Oral manifestations: Angular cheilosis, hemorrhagic gingiva, halitosis, detachment of periodontal fibers

Sources: Meat and milk RDA: 3 µg/day

Calendulae flores Calendulae flores Calendula flower (Eu ph)Calendula flower (Eu ph) Marigold floretsMarigold florets Calendula officinalis- Pot Calendula officinalis- Pot

Marigold or Scotch Marigold or Scotch MarigoldMarigold

AsteraceaeAsteraceae BASBAS: Carotenoids (up to : Carotenoids (up to

0.03%), ascorbic acid, 0.03%), ascorbic acid, ether oils. ether oils.

Marigold is used for the Marigold is used for the treatment of skin disorders treatment of skin disorders and pain, also as and pain, also as bactericide, antiseptic and bactericide, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent. anti-inflammatory agent.

MedicinesMedicines:Infusion, :Infusion, tincture, ointment tincture, ointment “Calendula”. “Caleflon” “Calendula”. “Caleflon” (purified extract) has anti-(purified extract) has anti-inflamatory action, and inflamatory action, and used for treatment of used for treatment of mouth ulcers.mouth ulcers. “Carofilen”“Carofilen” – – has anti-inflammatory has anti-inflammatory actionaction

Hippophaes fructus – Sea-buckthorn fruitsHippophae rhamnoides L.Sea-buckthornEleagnaceae

BAS: fatty oil (appr. 8 %); fatty oil is rich in carotene (to 250 mg%), vit. E, F and K. The fruit contains glucides, including oses and osides, lipids consisted in fatty acids: linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic, stearic acid, organic acid (vit. C in high quantity), sulphur derivatives (betaine and choline).

Medicines: The juice of sea buckthorn has a cholesterol fighting effect,. Sea buckthorn has anti-asthenic and anti-inflammatory properties. It’s also an intestinal astrigent. In medicine fatty oil is used in gynecology, for treating ulcer and X-ray injury of the skin.

Sorbi fructusSorbi fructusSorbus aucuparia- Rowan or Sorbus aucuparia- Rowan or

Mountain ashMountain ashRosaceaeRosaceae

BASBAS:: Carotinoids, vitamins C, Carotinoids, vitamins C, P, B, E. Organic acids: malic, P, B, E. Organic acids: malic, tartaric, citric. Mono- and tartaric, citric. Mono- and dissacharides, alcohol sorbitol, dissacharides, alcohol sorbitol, tritherpene acids. Catechins, tritherpene acids. Catechins, phenolcarbonate acids, phenolcarbonate acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins are flavonoids, anthocyanins are also available.also available.Syrup, vitamin mixes, Syrup, vitamin mixes, decoctions.decoctions.

Used as polyvitamin medicine. Used as polyvitamin medicine. Also has choleretic, tonic Also has choleretic, tonic action. Rowan increases action. Rowan increases appetite and normalises the appetite and normalises the activity of gastrointestinal activity of gastrointestinal system. In folk medicine, the system. In folk medicine, the fruits of mountain ash are used fruits of mountain ash are used for treatment of scarve, for treatment of scarve, popular as diuretic.popular as diuretic.

UrticaeUrticae foliafolia Nettle leaf (Eu. ph)Nettle leaf (Eu. ph)Urtica dioica- stinging nettle or Urtica dioica- stinging nettle or

common nettlecommon nettleUrticaceaeUrticaceae

BASBAS:: Vitamin K, B, carotinoids, Vitamin K, B, carotinoids, ascorbic acid and pantothenic ascorbic acid and pantothenic acid, organic acids, chlorophyll, acid, organic acids, chlorophyll, flavonoids, tannins and iron salts.flavonoids, tannins and iron salts.

Application.Application. Extracts can be used Extracts can be used to treat arthritis, anemia, hay fever, to treat arthritis, anemia, hay fever, kidney problems and pain. Fresh kidney problems and pain. Fresh nettle is used in all folk remedies nettle is used in all folk remedies to stop different types of bleeding, to stop different types of bleeding, due to its high vitamin K content. due to its high vitamin K content. Meanwhile, in dry Urtica dioica Meanwhile, in dry Urtica dioica vitamin K is practically non-vitamin K is practically non-existent, and so it used as a blood existent, and so it used as a blood thinner.thinner.

MedicinesMedicines: Sliced nettle leaves in a : Sliced nettle leaves in a package of 100g, infusion, liquid package of 100g, infusion, liquid and thick extract, vitamin and and thick extract, vitamin and gastrointestinal mixes. The thick gastrointestinal mixes. The thick extract is part of the “Allochol” extract is part of the “Allochol” which has choleretic action. which has choleretic action. “Traskov mixture”- antiasthmatic “Traskov mixture”- antiasthmatic mixture, contains the infusion of mixture, contains the infusion of nettle.nettle.

Zeae maydis styli cum stigmatisZeae maydis styli cum stigmatisZea mays- corn, maizeZea mays- corn, maizePoaceae (Graminaceae)Poaceae (Graminaceae)

BASBAS: : carotenoids, vitamin K, carotenoids, vitamin K, C, B1, B2, B3, D, E, flavonoids, C, B1, B2, B3, D, E, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, fatty oils, alkaloids, saponins, fatty oils, ether oils, microelements ether oils, microelements Maize is used for preparation Maize is used for preparation of infusions, decoctions, liquid of infusions, decoctions, liquid extract . extract .

They are used as cholagogic They are used as cholagogic agents in treatment of agents in treatment of cholecystitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, hepatitis with delayed bile hepatitis with delayed bile excretion; sometimes as a excretion; sometimes as a diuretic and haemostatic.diuretic and haemostatic.

MedicinesMedicines: : extract, cholegogic extract, cholegogic and diuretic tea, and diuretic tea, “POLYPHYTOL-1”“POLYPHYTOL-1”

Bursa Pastoris herbae Bursa Pastoris herbae Capsella Bursa Pastoris- Capsella Bursa Pastoris-

shepherd’s purseshepherd’s purseBrassicaceae( Crucifereae)Brassicaceae( Crucifereae)

BASBAS: : vitamins K1, C, vitamins K1, C, cumarines, flavonoids, cumarines, flavonoids, aminoacids, tannins, micro- aminoacids, tannins, micro- and microelementsand microelements

Applications. Tincture and Applications. Tincture and liquid extract are used in liquid extract are used in gynaecological practice gynaecological practice for stopping bleeding after for stopping bleeding after childbirth, also to enhance childbirth, also to enhance the uterine contractions the uterine contractions during childbirth. In addition, during childbirth. In addition, medicines of shepherd’s medicines of shepherd’s purse reduce blood pressure purse reduce blood pressure and narrow the peripheral and narrow the peripheral vessels.vessels.

Medicines. Galenic medicinesMedicines. Galenic medicines

Rosae fructus (Eu, ph)Rosae fructus (Eu, ph)Rosa canina- Dog roseRosa canina- Dog roseR. cinnamomea or R. majalis R. cinnamomea or R. majalis

― Cinnamon rose― Cinnamon roseR. rugosaR. rugosaRosaceaeRosaceae

BASBAS:: It contains a high quantity of It contains a high quantity of vit. C also vitamins(B, K, P, E), vit. C also vitamins(B, K, P, E), carotinoids, saccharins, carotinoids, saccharins, pectins, organic acids and pectins, organic acids and microelements. microelements.

Fruits are used for production of Fruits are used for production of syrups, vitamin mixes, tea and syrups, vitamin mixes, tea and jam. They are used for jam. They are used for treatment of hypo- or treatment of hypo- or avitaminoses. Fruits have avitaminoses. Fruits have cholagogic action.cholagogic action.

Carolitin- produced from fruits, Carolitin- produced from fruits, Rose oil- from dry seeds. Rose oil- from dry seeds. Cholosas- has cholagogig, Cholosas- has cholagogig,

diuretic, anti-inflammatory diuretic, anti-inflammatory action. It also has vitamin action. It also has vitamin activity, increases stamina.activity, increases stamina.

Arphazetin- hypoglycemic actionArphazetin- hypoglycemic actionLipochromin- for treatment of Lipochromin- for treatment of

radiation sicknessradiation sicknessCarolinCarolinCanefronCanefron

R. cinnamomea or R. majalis ― Cinnamon rose

ROSA RUGOSARosa canina- Dog rose

Ribis nigri fructus Ribis nigri fructus Ribes nigrumRibes nigrumBlackcurrantBlackcurrantGrossulariaceaeGrossulariaceae

BASBAS: : The fruit has extraordinaryThe fruit has extraordinaryhigh vitamin C content (302% of the high vitamin C content (302% of the

Daily Value per 100g), good Daily Value per 100g), good levels of potassium, levels of potassium, phosphorus, iron and V. B5.phosphorus, iron and V. B5.

Other phytochemicals in the fruit Other phytochemicals in the fruit ( polyphenols, anthocyanins) ( polyphenols, anthocyanins) have been demonstrated in have been demonstrated in laboratory experiments with laboratory experiments with potential to inhibit inflammation potential to inhibit inflammation mechanisms suspected to be at mechanisms suspected to be at the origin of heart diseases, the origin of heart diseases, cancer, microbial infections or cancer, microbial infections or neurobiological disorders like neurobiological disorders like Alcheimer’s disease. Alcheimer’s disease. Blackcurrant seed oil is also rich Blackcurrant seed oil is also rich in many nutrients, especially in many nutrients, especially gamma-linolenic acid and gamma-linolenic acid and essential fatty acids.essential fatty acids.

GlucoribinGlucoribin––anti-allergy anti-allergy medicinemedicine, ,

RyflanRyflan– – treatment of treatment of haemorrhoidshaemorrhoids

Lecture 3 Medicinal plants and MPM which contain vitamins.

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Transcript of Lecture 3 Medicinal plants and MPM which contain vitamins.