Land Administration 451-418/607 Lecture 3 - 2005

LAND ADMINISTRATION RESPONSE

Ian Williamson

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Objectives

1. Acknowledging the dynamic humankind to land relationship, understand the cadastral and land administration response over the centuries

2. To understand what constitutes a land administration system and why we need it.

3. To understand the role that land administration and land management plays in the operation of a country

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Relationship between the rate of change of orientation and direction preferences in the primary visual cortex of the cat. Red lines indicate iso-orientation lines along which orientation preference does not change. Dark blue marks regions where orientation preference changes rapidly. The strongest changes are found at the so-called orientation centres from which iso-orientation lines radiate out in a pinwheel-like fashion. Light blue denotes direction fracture lines across which direction preference shows 180ƒ reversals. Image size: 2.7 × 2.1 mm2 of cortex. See Kisvrday et al., Visual Cortex 636-647.

We think spatially.

Spatial concepts map directlyon to the cortex as topologicallycorrect mappings.

Hunter-gatherer societiesuse topologically correct mappings to communicatespatial information.

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Rosie Fleming - Ngapa Jukurrpa

This painting depicts a water Dreaming. The rain (ngapa) story belongs to Nampijinpa and Nangala women and Jampijinpa and Jangala men. The Ngapa Jukurrpa travelled from east to Mikanji west of Yuendumu. The straight lines represents the ngawarra (flood waters) running through the landscape. The small bar shapes signify mangkurdu (clouds). The small circles are mulju (water soakages).

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Artist: Malya Teamay

Title: Uluru Tjukurpa

This painting depicts the Tjukurpa at Uluru, the Law and stories of ancestors.

Uluru is a place of powerful Tjukurpa, the main public elements of which are depicted in this painting.

The painting is the Aboriginal interpretation of a “map” of Uluru.

A similar but smaller painting was painted by Malya for the front cover of the book of the Plan of Management for the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park

produced by Parks Australia.

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…….AND SO DO WE SOMETIMES.

TOPOLOGICALLY CORRECTDIAGRAMS ARE EASILYUNDERSTOOD BY HUMANS

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The earliest map? 6200 BC Ankara, Turkeyexcavation of Çatalhöyük site in Anatolia

BUT, urbanisation and the start of civil society meant that there was a need for spatial information which was less ‘relative’ and more ‘geographic’; less symbolic and more quantitative.

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Topologically correct depictions were inadequate for the purposes of government. Consistent scale and consistent orientation appear by 8,500 years ago to meet the needs of government .

Who owns what, where is it and how much tax should they pay?

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Clay Tablet map from Ga-Sur, 2,500 B.C.Redrawing with interpretation7.6 x 6.8 cm

An ancient property title? In the centre of this 4,500 year old oriented and (apparently) to scale map, a plot of land is specified as 354 iku (12 hectares) and the owner is named as Azala.

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Property ownership, taxation, defence and facilities management appear to be the main purposes of these artefacts – all government concerns.

Mesopotamian City Plan, Nippur 1500 B.C., showingpart of the defensive city wall and planned repairs. This showsinternal property boundaries precisely, and to scale (in unitsof twelve cubits – six meters). There is emphasis on public structures such as temples, canals, store houses and a park.(Clay tablet 18 x 21 cm)

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A modern perspective

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Land Information Systems

Overarching PolicyIssues / Initiatives

shelterfoodwaterenergy

public safetyenvironmentsustainable development

Land Managementagricultureenvironment protectionconservationbiodiversitycatchment managementutilisation

Land Administrationsecurity of tenure / interestsunderpin land marketunderpin land management

spatial / textual record of land interests

survey valuation mapping planning

Spatial information is the bedrock of good decision making and good governance

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The land business of government

How can we improve it?

What are its boundaries?

Where is it?

What is it worth?

What can be done with it?

Who owns it?

What’s on it?

Who can use it?

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Land dealings

Private Property Sales 2002/03$35 billion

Private Property Market 2002/03$650 billion

Revenue raising$3.9 billion

2003/04

Property Development:$4.2 billion 2003/04

(invested in new housing alone)

Spatial Information Infrastructure $91 million

2003/04and $220+ million p.a.

in return (2001)

Infrastructure Development$2.9 billion 2004/05 Public Purpose Use

of Land $1 billion2002

Sustainable Development Projectsin excess of $1 billion

2004/08

In serving the community...

… spatial information is a key

Maximising Economic, Social, and Conservation

Value of Land

Primary Industries worth $8 billion

2003/04

After DSE, 2004

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Good information

Better policy

Better land

administration Sustainable development

United Nations-FIG Bathurst Declaration on Sustainable Development

Presented in Melbourne, 1999

http://www.fig.net/figtree/pub/figpub/pub21/figpub21.htm

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The cadastral parcel and The cadastral parcel and ownership rightsownership rights

Source: Land Administration (Peter Dale and John McLaughlin)

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Dynamic humankind to land relationship

Reference: Ting et al, 1998

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Accepting the dynamic humankind to land relationship,

what has been the land administration response over the

centuries?

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Reference: Ting and Williamson, 1998

THE LAND ADMINISTRATION RESPONSE TO THE CHANGING HUMANKIND TO LAND RELATIONSHIP

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Economic driver for land administration in rural Economic driver for land administration in rural areasareas

Source: Feder 1986

Titled Land

More security to lenderMore security to farmers

More supply of long-term creditMore demand for investments

More Investment

More demand for variable input

More supply of short-term credit

More variable input use

Higher output

Higher land price Higher income

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Land administration definitions

The processes of regulating land and property development and the use and conservation of land, the gathering of revenues from the land through sales, leasing and taxation, and the resolving of conflicts concerning the ownership and use of land (Dale and McLaughlin, 1999)

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Land administration definitions

• Land administration is the process of determining, recording and disseminating information about the tenure, value and use of land when implementing land management policies (UNECE, 1996).

• It is considered to include land registration, cadastral surveying and mapping, fiscal, legal and multi-purpose cadastres and parcel based land information systems, and in many systems information supporting land use planning and valuation/land taxation systems.

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Land administration definitions

• Those public sector activities required to support the alienation, use, valuation, and transfer of land (Dale and McLaughlin, 1999)

• The functions involved in implementing land management policies.

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Land Administration Arrangements(Enemark, Williamson and Wallace, 2004)

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The definition of cadastre

• A cadastre is the core or basis of a land administration system and is defined as a parcel based and up-to-date land information system containing a record of interests in land (e.g. rights, restrictions and responsibilities).

• It usually includes a geometric description of land parcels linked to other records describing the nature of the interests, and ownership or control of those interests, and often the value of the parcel and its improvements (FIG, 1995).

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Land Management

• "the management of all aspects of land including the formation of land policies" (Dale & McLaughlin 1988)

• "the process of managing the use and development of land resources in a sustainable way." (Bill Robertson, 1998)

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Managing land consists of …

• Monitoring and information gathering

• Planning and testing models to develop alternative actions

• Policy making

• Implementing policy including legal reform

• Further monitoring and review of policy effectiveness

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Land management arrangements (Dale and McLaughlin, 1988)

Country Background

Land Policy

ResourceManagement

LandManagement

LandAdministrationArrangements

LandInformationManagement

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Placing land Administration in Placing land Administration in contextcontext

Source: Land Administration (Peter Dale and John McLaughlin)

COUNTRY

Geography Economy

History Law

Government Land Law

Development Policy

Land Tenure Arrangements

Market-Place Considerations

Land Policy

Land Administration Arrangements

Public Lands Private Lands

Land Settlement

Land Survey

Land Registration

Land Valuation

and Assessment

Land Use Control and

Management

Infrastructure Utilities

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Land policy frameworkLand policy framework

Source: Land Administration (Peter Dale and John McLughlin)

National Development Strategies

Land Policies

Land Titling and Registration

Land Market

National Development

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Ownership, value and useOwnership, value and use

Source: Land Administration (Peter Dale and John McLaughlin)

(Landownership)(Landownership)

(Land Values)(Land Values)

Ministry for Finance

Legal profession

Ministry for Justice

Banks and Financial Institutions

(Land Use)(Land Use)

Ministry for Planning,

Development and EnvironmentMinistry for

Agriculture and Forestry

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But what is a land market?

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Evolution of Land MarketsWallace and Williamson, 2004

Own Lease

Planning rights

Development vehicles

Securities

Time shares

Mortgage backed

certificates

Insurance products

Property trusts

Unit trusts

Corporate investment

vehicles

Futures

Options

Land information

Trading trusts

Sharecrop

Basic Opportunities

LandSpatial Commodity

Basic Rights Commodities

Complex Commodities

Complex Commodities market

Under Construction

Marine rights

Land permits Resource rights

Trade waste discharges

Water rights

Carbon credits

Utilities

Wallace and Williamson, 2004

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What is the spatial dimension of land administration?

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Humankind to land relationship and Land Administration

Changing Humankind-land Relationship

Sustainable Development Strategies

Land Administration Systems

Spatial Business Systems

Spatial Data Infrastructures

Technology

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Re-engineering land administration systems

• Managing land in developed countries continues to be problematic with historic tenures and agricultural practices eg Australia

• Managing land in developing countries is a particular problem where rapid population growth causes increasing pressure on rural areas, forests and indigenous peoples, while at the same time causing massive migration to the cities

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Impact of Global Drivers on re-engineering Land Administration Systems

Vision for human-kind

to land relation- ship

Strategic planning

Benchmarking and Feedback

Existing Land Administration

System

Conceptual Land Administration

System

Operational Land Administration

System

Social System

Sustainable Development

Globalisation

Micro-economic reform

UrbanisationTechnology

Implementation

Global Drivers of Change

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Exam Question

Describe the land administration response to the changing humankind to land relationship over the last 200 years in western societies