1. 1. Introduction to Medical Terminologies Lecture 03 PREPARED BY MUHAMMAD SALMAN BUTT 1SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY
2. 2. Lecture: 3 2SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY What is a cardio-vascular system What are the different types of circulatory systems present in the human body What are the components of blood What are the different types of blood vessels present in the body What are the different types of immunity and its function in the body What is a lymphatic system and importance of lymph in the body What is an autonomic system and its importance in the body
3. 3. Chapter 07: The Cardio-Vascular system SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 3
4. 4. Introduction oThe cardiovascular system consists of three interrelated components: blood, the heart, and blood vessels. oThe branch of science concerned with the study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorders associated with them is hematology. oFunctionally, the cardiovascular system transports substances to and from body cells. To perform its functions, blood must circulate throughout the body. oThe heart serves as the pump for circulation, and blood vessels carry blood from the heart to body cells and from body cells back to the heart. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 4
5. 5. Two Division of Circulatory System A- BLOOD-VASCULAR SYSTEM Blood vascular system consists of 1. Heart (Pump-Like Organ) 2. Blood vessels (Arteries-Capillaries-veins) Blood is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by extracellular matrix. Blood constitutes about 8 percent of the total body weight. The blood volume is 5 to 6 liters (1.5 gal) in an average-sized adult male and 4 to 5 liters (1.2 gal) in an average-sized adult female. The difference in volume is due to differences in body size. B- LYMPHATIC SYSTEM It consists of lymph nodes and vessels in which the lymph circulates. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 5
6. 6. Composition of Blood Blood is composed of two portions 1- BLOOD PLASMA oA liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances. oPlasma is about 91.5 percent water, 7 percent proteins, and 1.5 percent solutes other than proteins. oProteins in the blood, the plasma proteins, are synthesized mainly by the liver. oThe most plentiful plasma proteins are the albumins, which account for about 54 percent of all plasma proteins. 2- FORMED ELEMENTS These are cells and cell fragments. The formed elements of the blood are the following. 1- Red blood cells (erythrocytes) 2- White blood cells (leukocytes) 3- Platelets SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 6
7. 7. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 7 Composition of Blood
8. 8. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 8 Structure of Vessels
9. 9. Classification of Blood Vessels 1. Arteries are the vessels which carries blood away from the heart. 2. Division of Arties are called arterioles which will be proximal to the capillary. The size of arterioles varies from 100 micro meter to 12 micro meters. 3. Capillaries are the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. 4. Any of the small vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join to form veins are called venules. 5. Veins are the vessels through which blood passes from various tissues and organs towards heart. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 9
10. 10. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 10 Anterior view of frontal section showing internal anatomy of heart
11. 11. Classification of Circulation Two main types of circulations are as follow. 1. Systemic circulation: In this circulation the blood flows from left ventricle through the whole body and generally returns to the right side of the heart. 2. Pulmonary Circulation: In this circulation the blood flows from the right ventricle, through the lungs and returns to the left side of the heart. 3. Hepatic Portal Circulation: In this circulation blood has to pass through two sets of capillaries before reaching inferior vena cava. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 11
12. 12. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 12 Circulatory routes. Red arrows indicate hepatic portal circulation. The details of the pulmonary circulation are shown here, and the details of the hepatic portal circulation are shown in Figure
13. 13. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 13 Circulation of blood
14. 14. Anastomosis It is a connection between two vessels by collateral channels Types of Anastomosis: There are three types of anastomoses; 1. Arterial Anastomosis. (Connection between arteries) 2. Venous Anastomosis. (Connection between Veins) 3. Arterio- Venous Anastomosis. (Connection between arteries and veins). SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 14
15. 15. Chapter 08: Lymphatic System SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 15
16. 16. What is an Immunity Immunity or resistance is the ability to use our bodys defenses to ward off damage or disease. Types of Immunity: There are two types of Immunity 1. Innate Immunity 2. Adaptive Immunity 1. Innate Immunity: It refers to defenses that are present at birth. They are always present and available to provide rapid responses to protect us against disease. Innate immunity does not involve specific recognition of a microbe and acts against all microbes in the same way. 2. Adaptive Immunity: It refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defenses. Adaptive immunity is based on a specific response to a specific microbe; that is, it adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 16
17. 17. What is a lymphatic System The body system responsible for adaptive immunity (and some aspects of innate immunity) is the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels, a number of structures and organs containing lymphatic tissue, and red bone marrow. Interstitial fluid: Most components of blood plasma filter out of blood capillary walls to form interstitial fluid, the fluid that surrounds the cells of body tissues. Lymph: After interstitial fluid passes into lymphatic vessels, it is called lymph. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 17
18. 18. Function of Lymphatic System All the tissues of the body are bathed with lymphatic fluid and it perform three important functions; 1. Drains excess interstitial fluid. Lymphatic vessels drain excess interstitial fluid and leaked proteins from tissue spaces and return them to the blood. This activity helps maintain fluid balance in the body and prevents depletion of vital plasma proteins. 2. Transports dietary lipids. Lymphatic vessels transport the lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract into the blood. 3. Carries out immune responses. Lymphatic tissue initiates highly specific responses directed against particular microbes or abnormal cells. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 18
19. 19. Circulation of Lymph The sequence of fluid flow is: Blood capillaries (blood plasma) Interstitial spaces (interstitial fluid) lymphatic capillaries (lymph) lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes (lymph) lymphatic ducts (lymph) junction of jugular and subclavian veins (blood plasma). SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 19
20. 20. Factors which regulate the flow of lymph Lymph flow is influenced by following factors: 1. Rhythmical contraction of blood vessel. 2. Pumping action of contracting muscles. 3. Negative pressure (suction force) in the thoracic cavity. 4. Positive pressure in the abdominal cavity during inspiration. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 20
21. 21. Lecture links SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 21
22. 22. Chapter 09: The Nervous System SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 22
23. 23. Cells of nervous system and their functions The two types of cells found in the nervous system are called neurons or nerve cells and neuroglia, which are specialized connective tissue cells. Neurons conduct impulses, whereas neuroglia supports neurons. Neurons: Each neuron consists of three parts: a main part called the neuron cell body, one or more branching projections called dendrites, and one elongated projection known as an axon. Dendrites: Dendrites are the processes or projections that transmit impulses to the neuron cell bodies. Axon: axons are the processes that transmit impulses away from the neuron cell bodies. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 23
24. 24. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 24 Neurons Structures
25. 25. Types of Neuron Neurons can be classified structurally and functionally. The three types of functional classification of neurons are according to the direction in which they transmit impulses. 1. Sensory Neuron: Sensory neurons transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body. Sensory neurons are also called afferent neurons. 2. Motor Neuron: Motor neurons transmit impulses in the opposite direction-away from the brain and spinal cord. motor neurons are called efferent neurons. 3. Interneurons: Interneurons conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons. Interneurons are called central or connecting neurons. Neuroglia: Neuroglia does not specialize in transmitting impulses. Instead, they are special types of connective tissue cells. Their name is appropriate because it is derived from Greek word glia meaning "glue." One function of neuroglia cells is to hold the functioning neurons together and protect them. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 25
26. 26. Classification of Nervous system Anatomically the nervous system is classified as follow; 1. Central Nervous System ( C.N.S): It is that portion of the nervous system which contains the main centers for correlation and integration of neural information. This portion of the nervous system is well protected by the meninges, Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF), Skull and Vertebrae. It includes; Brain and Spinal Cord. 2. Peripheral Nervous System: It is the portion of the nervous system which lies outside the cranial cavity and vertebral canal. It includes; Peripheral nerves and cranial nerves Nervous System Central Nervous system Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral nervous system Peripheral Nerves Cranial Nerves SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 26
27. 27. Division of the Brain The brain, one of our largest organs, consists of the following major division, named in ascending order beginning with the most inferior part: 1. Brain Stem: a. Medulla Oblongata, b. Pons, c. Midbrain. 2. Cerebellum 3. Diencephalon: a. Hypothalamus, b. Thalamus 4. Cerebrum SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 27
28. 28. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 28 Functions of the principal parts of the brain PART FUNCTION Brain Stem Medulla oblongata: Contains sensory (ascending) tracts and motor (descending) tracts. Reticular formation (also in pons, midbrain, and diencephalon) functions in consciousness and arousal. Vital centers regulate heartbeat, breathing (together with pons), and blood vessel diameter. Other centers coordinate swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccupping. Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII. Pons: Contains sensory tracts and motor tracts. Together with the medulla, helps control breathing. Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII. Midbrain Midbrain: Contains sensory tracts and motor tracts. Superior colliculi coordinate movements of head, eyes, and trunk in response to visual stimuli. Inferior colliculi coordinate movements of head, eyes, and trunk in response to auditory stimuli. The substantia nigra and red nucleus contribute to control of movement. Contains nuclei of origin for cranial nerves III and IV. Diencephalon Thalamus: Relays almost all sensory input to the cerebral cortex. Contributes to motor functions by transmitting information from the cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor areas of the cerebral cortex. Also plays a role in maintaining consciousness. Hypothalamus: Controls and integrates activities of the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland. Regulates emotional and behavioral patterns and circadian rhythms. Controls body temperature and regulates eating and drinking behavior. Helps maintain waking state and establishes patterns of sleep.
29. 29. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 29 PART FUNCTION Cerebellum: Smoothens and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles. Regulates posture and balance. May have role in cognition and language processing. Cerebrum: Sensory areas of cerebral cortex are involved in perception of sensory information; motor areas control execution of voluntary movements; association areas deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, personality traits, and intelligence. Basal nuclei help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulate muscle tone. Limbic system promotes range of emotions, including pleasure, pain, docility, affection, fear, and anger.
30. 30. Reflex Arc The structural unit of the nervous system is a neuron and functional unit is the reflex circuit or reflex arc. The simplest reflex circuit is composed of following parts. 1. Receptor: It responds to a stimulus of some kind and generates the action potential e.g. sensory nerve endings in the skin. 2. Afferent neuron or sensory neuron: It carries the sensory impulse from the receptors towards the central nervous system. 3. Reflex center: It is located in the central nervous system and is composed of different types of neurons which analyze the sensory impulse. 4. Efferent neuron or motor neuron: It carries the orders from the motor neuron of the central nervous system towards the effectors. 5. Effector: It may be a muscle or a gland which starts functioning in response to orders received from central nervous system e.g. the muscle will contract and the gland will secrete. This functional activity is known as reflex response. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 30
31. 31. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 31 Reflex Arc
32. 32. The Autonomic Nervous System It is that part of the central and peripheral nervous system which is concerned with the involuntary activities of the body like respiration, circulation, sweating, Salivation peristalsis etc. Division: The autonomic Nervous system is divided into two parts which contain both the afferent (Sensory) and efferent (motor) nerve fibers. A- Sympathetic: It is concerned with the preparation of the body for an acute emergency in the following ways: 1. It accelerates the heart rate. 2. It causes peripheral vasoconstriction. 3. It raises the blood pressure. 4. It facilitates the redistribution of the blood 5. It inhibits the peristalsis of gastrointestinal tract. 6. It closes the various sphincters. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 32
33. 33. Autonomic Nervous System. B- Parasympathetic: It is concerned with the preparation of the body for long term emergency in the following way. 1. It decreases the heart rate. 2. It causes peripheral vasodilation. 3. It decreases blood pressure. 4. It increases the peristalsis of gastrointestinal tract and its glandular activities. 5. It relaxes the various sphincters. 6. Its activity is aimed at conserving and restoring the energy. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 33
34. 34. SAUDI ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY 34 Spinal Nerves