Lecture #22: Low Reynolds number Re = u L / Forces linearly proportional to velocity Flow reversible...
Transcript of Lecture #22: Low Reynolds number Re = u L / Forces linearly proportional to velocity Flow reversible...
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Lecture #22: Low Reynolds number
Re = u L / • Forces linearly proportional to velocity• Flow reversible• Boundary layers large
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low
intermediate high (laminar) high (turbulent)
DraguDrag = ½ CD S u2
CD = 2 Drag / S u2
Re = u2 S
u S / L= u L /
L
S
CD
Reynolds number10 106
100
10
1
0.1
0.1 1
low Re:small thingsslow speedshigh viscosity
CD is not behaving like a constant
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IF Re << 1
Drag = 6 u a
“Stokes’ Law”
Dragu
Sa
low
intermediate high (laminar) high (turbulent)
CD
Reynolds number10 106
100
10
1
0.1
0.1 1
Consider:
6 u a = ½ CD S u2
Let S = frontal area = a2
Let Re = u (2a) / Then:CD = 24/Re
CD= 24/Re
GeorgeStokes
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What is descent velocity of pollen?
Drag = mg = 6 u a
terminal velocity, u = mg / 6 au = 25 mm/sec Re = 0.1
Slow descent increases dispersal, more timeTo be carried laterally by the wind.
Passive locomotion at low Re, e.g. pollen
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Locomotion at low Reynolds numbers:
lateralundulation
But, reversibility of flow means that lateral undulations cannot generate thrust!
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Two basic strategies for Low Reynolds number locomotion:
1) Cilia
power stroke
recovery stroke
high drag on power stroke,less drag on
recovery
power stroke recovery stroke
METACHRONY
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distance
fluid velocity
boundarylayereffects
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2. Flagella (two kinds)
a) Eukaryotic flagella
(time lapse)
traveling wave
b) prokaryotic flagella
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Drag on body
is 6 u aWhat is drag on tail?
What is drag on cylinder normal and
tangent to flow?
212 )ln(
4
dlN uldrag
212 )ln(
2
dlT uldrag
uN = u cos uT = u sin
u
uN
uT
L
d
3.3; NNN CulCdrag
2.2; TTT CulCdrag
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What are forces in direction of motion:
cossin)(
cossin
TNforward
TNforward
CCulF
dragdragF
• Forward thrust adds along length of flagellum• Forward thrust is proportional to viscosity• Forward thrust maximal at =45 deg.• Production of thrust relies on difference of CN and CT
)coscos(
sincos22
TNlateral
TNlateral
CCulF
dragdragF
• Lateral forces cancel over length • Lateral forces reduce efficiency
FForward
FLateral
dragT
Thrust must offset drag on ‘head’, given by Stokes’ Law.
‘body’drag
dragN
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Boundary layers
solid surface
Velocity, u =u (mean stream flow)oo
u = 0(no slip condition) boundary
layer
Laminarflow oversolid surface
uinf
x
y
flat plate with upstream edge
u
x 5
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Sizeof boundarylayer increasewith viscosity,decreases withVelocity.
Flow slowsbetweenhairs.
low Reynolds number(large boundary layers)
high Reynolds number(small boundary layers)
flow through cylinder array
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Hairy legs and wings