Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence...
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Transcript of Lecture 2: A Brief History of Parapsychology n 1. Introduction and basic terminology n 2. Evidence...
Lecture 2: A Brief History of Lecture 2: A Brief History of ParapsychologyParapsychology
1. Introduction and basic terminology1. Introduction and basic terminology 2. Evidence from antiquity2. Evidence from antiquity 3. The rise of spiritualism3. The rise of spiritualism 4. The Society for Psychical Research4. The Society for Psychical Research 5. 1930-1960s: The Duke University 5. 1930-1960s: The Duke University
PeriodPeriod 6. Fraud within parapsychology6. Fraud within parapsychology
Precognitive DreamsPrecognitive Dreams
Miraculous HealingMiraculous Healing
Strange PowersStrange Powers
DivinationDivination
TelepathyTelepathy
Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective
Shows that ostensibly paranormal Shows that ostensibly paranormal experiences are an important part experiences are an important part of human experienceof human experience– Either paranormal forces existEither paranormal forces exist– Or we learn something useful about Or we learn something useful about
human psychologyhuman psychology Makes us question our own Makes us question our own
assumptionsassumptions
Do you believe in fairies?Do you believe in fairies?
Fairies in FolkloreFairies in Folklore
Cottingley Fairies (1917)Cottingley Fairies (1917)Elsie Wright (13)Elsie Wright (13)
Cottingley Fairies (1917)Cottingley Fairies (1917)Frances Griffiths (10)Frances Griffiths (10)
Sir Arthur Conan DoyleSir Arthur Conan Doyle
Cottingley Fairies: ArticlesCottingley Fairies: Articles
PhrenologyPhrenology
Basic TerminologyBasic Terminology
Psychokinesis (PK): Psychokinesis (PK): "the influence "the influence of mind on external objects or of mind on external objects or processes without the mediation of processes without the mediation of known physical energies or forces" known physical energies or forces" (Wolman, 1977)(Wolman, 1977)
Psychokinesis (PK)Psychokinesis (PK)Nina KulaginaNina Kulagina
Basic TerminologyBasic Terminology
Psychokinesis (PK): "the influence of mind on external objects or processes without the mediation of known physical energies or forces" (Wolman, 1977)
Extrasensory Perception (ESP): "knowledge of or a response to an external event or influence not apprehended through known sensory channels" (Wolman, 1977)
ESP includes:ESP includes: 1)1) telepathytelepathy (transference of (transference of
thoughts between two people)thoughts between two people)
Telepathy?Telepathy?
ESP includes:ESP includes: 1)1) telepathytelepathy (transference of (transference of
thoughts between two people)thoughts between two people) 2)2) clairvoyanceclairvoyance (awareness of (awareness of
remote objects or events)remote objects or events)
Clairvoyance?Clairvoyance?
ESP includes:ESP includes: 1)1) telepathytelepathy (transference of (transference of
thoughts between two people)thoughts between two people) 2)2) clairvoyanceclairvoyance (awareness of (awareness of
remote objects or events)remote objects or events) 3)3) precognitionprecognition (knowledge of (knowledge of
events before they occur, other events before they occur, other than as a result of inference)than as a result of inference)
Precognition?Precognition?
PsiPsi
““a general term to identify a person's a general term to identify a person's extrasensorimotor communication with extrasensorimotor communication with the environment” (Wolman, 1977).the environment” (Wolman, 1977).
NB: Strict definition of the paranormal, as NB: Strict definition of the paranormal, as used by parapsychologists, limits used by parapsychologists, limits subject matter to PK, ESP, and subject matter to PK, ESP, and (possibly) issues relating to life-after-(possibly) issues relating to life-after-death.death.
Oracles in Ancient GreeceOracles in Ancient Greece
The Delphic OracleThe Delphic Oracle
King Croesus of LydiaKing Croesus of Lydia(c. 550 BC)(c. 550 BC)
Biblical examples:Biblical examples:Precognitive dreamsPrecognitive dreams
ApparitionsApparitions
HealingHealing
Physical PhenomenaPhysical Phenomena
Prophetic VisionsProphetic Visions
The Rise of Spiritualism:The Rise of Spiritualism:Hydesville, NY, March Hydesville, NY, March
18481848
The Fox SistersThe Fox Sisters
Rapping Sounds in the Rapping Sounds in the Bedroom …Bedroom …
Communicating with the Communicating with the Spirits?Spirits?
Typical SeanceTypical Seance
Other Strange Other Strange Phenomena:Phenomena:
LevitationLevitation
Playing of Musical Playing of Musical Instruments by Unseen Instruments by Unseen
Hands and LipsHands and Lips
Lights in the DarkLights in the Dark
ApportsApports
Materialisation of Spirit Materialisation of Spirit FormsForms
EctoplasmEctoplasm
Spirit PhotographsSpirit Photographs
Written CommunicationsWritten Communications
““Table Tilting”Table Tilting”
Michael FaradayMichael Faraday
Robert Hare,Robert Hare,American ChemistAmerican Chemist
Alfred Russell Wallace,Alfred Russell Wallace,Cofounder Theory of Cofounder Theory of
EvolutionEvolution
Sir William Crookes,Sir William Crookes,Discoverer of ThalliumDiscoverer of Thallium
Florence CookFlorence Cook
““Katie King”Katie King”
More than a passing More than a passing resemblance?resemblance?
All down to trickery?All down to trickery?
The Society for Psychical The Society for Psychical ResearchResearch
Founded in UK in 1882Founded in UK in 1882 American Society for Psychical American Society for Psychical
Research founded in 1885Research founded in 1885 One major aim was to scientifically One major aim was to scientifically
prove that the soul survived bodily prove that the soul survived bodily deathdeath
Response to Darwin’s Response to Darwin’s IdeasIdeas
Daniel Dunglas HomeDaniel Dunglas Home
Harry HoudiniHarry HoudiniThe World’s Greatest The World’s Greatest
ConjurorConjuror
Houdini and Conan DoyleHoudini and Conan Doyle
Luminous Faces EffectLuminous Faces Effect
Bells rung by spirits?Bells rung by spirits?
Houdini’s “Ectoplasm”Houdini’s “Ectoplasm”
Houdini’s Slate WritingHoudini’s Slate Writing
Fox Sisters Confess (1888)Fox Sisters Confess (1888)
Noises produced in various ways Noises produced in various ways including cracking of toe and ankle including cracking of toe and ankle jointsjoints
Schoolgirl prank had got out of Schoolgirl prank had got out of handhand
Spiritualists simply refused to Spiritualists simply refused to believe confessionbelieve confession
A Time of Transition for A Time of Transition for Psychical Research Psychical Research
Phenomena most researched:Phenomena most researched:
1. mental phenomena of 1. mental phenomena of psychics and mediumspsychics and mediums
Leonora Piper (as a child)Leonora Piper (as a child)
Gladys Osborne LeonardGladys Osborne Leonard
Eileen GarrettEileen Garrett
A Time of Transition for A Time of Transition for Psychical Research Psychical Research
Phenomena most researched:Phenomena most researched:
1. mental phenomena of 1. mental phenomena of psychics and mediums (e.g. psychics and mediums (e.g. Leonara Piper, Gladys Osborne Leonara Piper, Gladys Osborne Leonard, Eileen Garrett)Leonard, Eileen Garrett)
2. physical phenomena of the 2. physical phenomena of the type produced by Hometype produced by Home
Eusapia PalladinoEusapia Palladino
Eusapia in ActionEusapia in Action
A Time of Transition for A Time of Transition for Psychical Research Psychical Research
Phenomena most researched:Phenomena most researched:
1. mental phenomena of psychics 1. mental phenomena of psychics and mediums (e.g. Leonara Piper, and mediums (e.g. Leonara Piper, Gladys Osborne Leonard, Eileen Gladys Osborne Leonard, Eileen Garrett)Garrett)
2. physical phenomena of the type 2. physical phenomena of the type produced by Home (e.g. Eusapia produced by Home (e.g. Eusapia Palladino)Palladino)
3. investigations of hauntings and 3. investigations of hauntings and poltergeists poltergeists
Poltergeist ActivityPoltergeist Activity
A Time of Transition for A Time of Transition for Psychical Research Psychical Research
Phenomena most researched:Phenomena most researched:
1. mental phenomena of psychics and 1. mental phenomena of psychics and mediums (e.g. Leonara Piper, Gladys mediums (e.g. Leonara Piper, Gladys Osborne Leonard, Eileen Garrett)Osborne Leonard, Eileen Garrett)
2. physical phenomena of the type 2. physical phenomena of the type produced by Home (e.g. Eusapia produced by Home (e.g. Eusapia Palladino)Palladino)
3. investigations of hauntings and 3. investigations of hauntings and poltergeists poltergeists
4. the evolution of controlled 4. the evolution of controlled experiments (e.g. ESP studies of card experiments (e.g. ESP studies of card guessing)guessing)
The Duke University The Duke University PeriodPeriod
Joseph RhineJoseph Rhine
Louisa RhineLouisa Rhine
Joseph Rhine’s ApproachJoseph Rhine’s Approach
Large scale investigations of Large scale investigations of presumed psychic ability of presumed psychic ability of ordinary peopleordinary people
Easily controlled simple testsEasily controlled simple tests Statistical evaluation of resultsStatistical evaluation of results E.g., use of Zener cardsE.g., use of Zener cards
General Extrasensory General Extrasensory Perception (GESP)Perception (GESP)
Cannot rule out possibility of Cannot rule out possibility of clairvoyance in telepathy studiesclairvoyance in telepathy studies
Cannot rule out precognition in Cannot rule out precognition in clairvoyance studiesclairvoyance studies
Cannot rule out PK in precognition Cannot rule out PK in precognition studiesstudies
So Rhine preferred GESP!So Rhine preferred GESP!
Rhine’s Dice PK StudiesRhine’s Dice PK Studies
Rhine’s Book (1934)Rhine’s Book (1934)
Response to Rhine (1934)Response to Rhine (1934)
Attempts at replicationAttempts at replication– Some claimed successSome claimed success– Many failures (especially in Britain)Many failures (especially in Britain)
Statistical criticismsStatistical criticisms– Technically correct, but insubstantialTechnically correct, but insubstantial
Methodological criticismsMethodological criticisms– More seriousMore serious
Led to improvements in methodologyLed to improvements in methodology
Samuel George SoalSamuel George SoalBritish MathematicianBritish Mathematician
Soal’s Attempted Soal’s Attempted ReplicationReplication
Around 160 participantsAround 160 participants 128,350 trials128,350 trials Attempted to remove all flaws and Attempted to remove all flaws and
weaknesses from Rhine’s designweaknesses from Rhine’s design No deviation from chance expectationNo deviation from chance expectation But then found displacement effects But then found displacement effects
for Gloria Stewart and Basil for Gloria Stewart and Basil ShackletonShackleton
New Series of StudiesNew Series of Studies
Shackleton’s performance at MCE Shackleton’s performance at MCE for direct hitsfor direct hits
But p-value with respect to next But p-value with respect to next card in series at 1 in 10card in series at 1 in 103535!!
Stewart obtained a direct hit rate Stewart obtained a direct hit rate with p-value of 10with p-value of 107979!!
George Price’s (1955) George Price’s (1955) CritiqueCritique
Review of Soal and Bateman (1954) Review of Soal and Bateman (1954) Modern Experiments in Telepathy Modern Experiments in Telepathy in in ScienceScience
Results in favour of psi must be due Results in favour of psi must be due to:to:– "clerical and statistical errors and "clerical and statistical errors and
unintentional use of sensory clues" or unintentional use of sensory clues" or – "deliberate fraud or mildly abnormal "deliberate fraud or mildly abnormal
mental conditions."mental conditions."
Exposing Soal’s FraudExposing Soal’s Fraud
Mrs Gretl’s allegationsMrs Gretl’s allegations Published in 1960 by Soal and GoldneyPublished in 1960 by Soal and Goldney Medhurst’s (1971) analysisMedhurst’s (1971) analysis Scott & Haskell’s (1973, 1974) Scott & Haskell’s (1973, 1974)
analysesanalyses Markwick’s (1978) analysisMarkwick’s (1978) analysis J G Pratt still maintains Soal’s J G Pratt still maintains Soal’s
innocenceinnocence
Fraud Within Fraud Within ParapsychologyParapsychology
Historical evidence of fraudulent Historical evidence of fraudulent mediumsmediums
S G SoalS G Soal Walter Levy in 1970sWalter Levy in 1970s Circumstantial evidence against Circumstantial evidence against
Uri GellerUri Geller ““Geller kids”Geller kids” Are parapsychologists easy to fool?Are parapsychologists easy to fool?
James Randi’s (1980)James Randi’s (1980)Project AlphaProject Alpha
Steve Shaw and Michael EdwardsSteve Shaw and Michael Edwards McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical McDonnell Laboratory for Psychical
Research, Washington UniversityResearch, Washington University Over two year period, performed all Over two year period, performed all
standard tricks: metal bending, standard tricks: metal bending, mind reading, divining contents of mind reading, divining contents of sealed envelopes, etcsealed envelopes, etc
Described as “gifted psychic Described as “gifted psychic subjects”subjects”
AcknowledgementAcknowledgement
With thanks to Hilary Evans, With thanks to Hilary Evans, proprietor of the Mary Evans proprietor of the Mary Evans Picture Library, for permission to Picture Library, for permission to use illustrations featured in this use illustrations featured in this presentation. These illustrations presentation. These illustrations must not be reproduced in any must not be reproduced in any form without permission from the form without permission from the Mary Evans Picture Library.Mary Evans Picture Library.