Lecture 2

THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENTTHEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT

Cognitive Development, Psychosocial Development and Moral Development

Purpose

Understanding of the students’ development on the Physical ， cognition , and social-emotional development

Main Contents Piaget’s View of Cognitive Development VYGOTSKY’s View of Cognitive

Development Erikson’s view of personal and social

development Kohlberg’s stages of Moral Reasoning

Part 1

Issues of Development

Piaget’s View of Cognitive Development

A Definition of Development Creative Thinking (get into groups) Think about terms of Changing and

Development. As human beings, what kinds of

changing you can see and what you can’t see?

Are they all means the development during the lifetime?

1.understanding: The term DEVELOPMENT in its most

general psychological sense refers to certain changes that occur in human beings between conception and death.

The term is not applied to all changes, but rather to those that appear in orderly way and remain for a reasonably long period of time.

2 kinds of develpment Physical development, deal with the

changes in the body; Personal development, means the changes

in an individual’s personality; Social development refers to changes in

the way an individual relates to others; Cognitive development refers to changes

in thinking

General Principles of Development

People develop at different rates.

Development is relatively orderly.

Development takes place gradually.

PiagetPiaget’’s Theory of Cognitive Developments Theory of Cognitive Development

Brief Introduction Some very important concepts in

his cognitive theory How Cognitive Development Occurs Four stages of Cognitive

development Educational Implications of Piaget’s

Theory

Brief IntroductionBrief Introduction Jean Piaget, born in Switzerland in 1896, is

the most influential developmental psychologist in the history of psychology

important conceptsimportant concepts SCHEMES （图式） ASSIMILATION （同化 ） ACCOMMODATION （顺应） EQUILIBRATION( 平衡 )

How Cognitive Development How Cognitive Development Occurs?Occurs?

Cognitive Development is gradual ， orderly, changes by which mental process become more complex and sophisticated.

The essential development of cognition is the establishment of new schemes.

Assimilation and accommodation are both processing of the ways of cognitive development.

The equilibration is the symbol of a new stage of the cognitive development.

Stages of Cognitive developmentStages of Cognitive development Remember: Piaget divided the cognitive development of

children and adolescents into four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

All children pass through these stages in this order and that no child can skip a stage

Different children may pass through the stages at some what different rates

Stage 1 sensorimotor(0-2) Reflexes Object permanence

Object permanence

Object permanenceObject permanence

Lock of understanding of the principles of conservation

Stage 2 Pre-operational (2-7) Lock of understanding of the principles of

conservation Irreversible ( 不可逆的 )Thinking Ego centric （自我中心的） Thinking

Some Piagetian Conservation Tasks

Stage 3 Concrete Operational (7-11)Stage 3 Concrete Operational (7-11) Acquire the concept of reversibility.

Respond to inferred( 推理的 )reality Seriation Classification Objective Thinking( 客观化思维 )

Respond to inferred reality Flavell (1986) demonstrated this concept

by showing children a red car and then, while they were still watching, covering it with a filter that made it appear black. When asked what color the car was, 3-year-olds responded "black," and 6-year-olds responded "red." The older, concrete operational child is able to respond to inferred reality, seeing things in the context of other meanings; preschoolers see what they see, with little ability to infer the meaning behind what they see.

SeriationSeriation (P37-3)lining up sticks from smallest to

largest. transitivity

Classification Classification depends on a student's abilities

to focus on a single characteristic of objects in a set and group the objects according to that characteristic

Given 12 objects of assorted ( 混合的 )colors and shapes, the concrete-operational student can invariably pick out the ones that are round.

Stage 4 Formal Operational (11 - adulthood)Stage 4 Formal Operational (11 - adulthood) Children's thinking begins to develop into the

form that is characteristic of adults Hypothetical conditions

the ability to reason about situations and conditions that have not been experienced.

Four stages of Cognitive developmentFour stages of Cognitive development

Creative Thinking:(Working in groups:)

How can we put the Piaget’s theory into our educational practice?

5. Educational Implications of Piaget5. Educational Implications of Piaget’’s s TheoryTheory

Page 43 Understanding Students' Thinking Matching Strategies to Abilities Constructing Knowledge

Vygotsky’s View of Cognitive Development

Brief Introduction Key ideas (Social-cultural

theory ) Difference to Piaget’s view Application in Education

Part 2

Brief Introduction

Vygotsky was a Russian psychologist who, though a contemporary of Piaget, died in 1934, only 38 when he died of tuberculosis, but he had produced over 100 books and articles……

Key ideas (Social-cultural

theory ) he proposed that intellectual development can

be understood only in terms of the historical and cultural contexts children experience

In contrast to Piaget, Vygotaky proposed that cognitive development is strongly linked to input from others.

he believed that development depends on the sign systems that individuals grow up with

ZPD (THE ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT )

SCAFFOLDING

For example

A six-year-old has lost a toy and asks her father for help. The father asks her where she last saw the toy; the child says : “I can't remember." He asks a series of questions: Did you have it in your room? Outside? Next door? To each question, the child answers, no.' When he says "in the car?" she says "1 think so" and goes to retrieve the toy.

Difference to Piaget’s view

Creative Thinking:

What are the differences What are the differences between Piagtet’s and Vygotsky’s between Piagtet’s and Vygotsky’s theores of Egocentric and Private theores of Egocentric and Private SpeechSpeech??

Application in Education

Brainstorming:

How to put V’s theory in Educational Practice?

Application in Education

zone of proximal development scaffolding (Vedio 49min)

Self Learning

Part 3 How Did Erikson View Personal and Social Development?

the basic ideas of Erikson’s Personal and Social Development

The stages of Personal and Social Development

Implications of Erikson’s theory

the basic ideas of Erikson’s Personal and Social Development

Erikson’s hypothesized that people pass eight psychological stage in their lifetime.

At each stage, there are crises or critical issues to be resolved.

Most people resolve each psycholoscial crisis satisfactorily and put it behand them to take on new challenges, some people may not completely resolve these crises and must continue to deal with them later in life.

The stages of Personal and Social Development

Stage approximate ages Psychological crises 1 birth to 18months Trust vis. misturst 2 18m to 3years Autonomy vs. doubt

3 3 to 6 years Initiative vs. guilt 4 6 to 12 years Industry vs. inferiority 5 12 to 18 years Identity vs. role confusion 6 Young adulthood Intimacy vs. isolation 7 Middle adulthood Generativity vs. self-absorption 8 Late adulthood Integrity vs. despair

Self Learning

Part 4 Kohlberg’s stages of Moral

Resoning the basic ideas of Kohlberg’s

stages of Moral Resoning The stages of Moral Resoning Implications of Kohlberg’s theory

The end of Lecture 2The end of Lecture 2