Lecture 1a: Pulverised coal combustion carbon capture and storage, GHG reduction and oxyfuel

technology

APP OFWG capacity building course, Thurs/Friday 5/6 February, 2009Korean Electrical Power Research Institute (KEPRI), Daejeon, Korea

Professor Terry Wall

OFWG Project Leader and University of Newcastle, Australia

Content

CCS technology comparisons

Carbon avoidance costs

Oxyfuel technology status

IPCC report on “Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis”, released Feb 2, 2007

Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.

For the next two decades a warming of about 0.2°C per decade is projected for a range of emission scenarios. Even if the concentrations of all greenhouse gases and aerosols had been kept constant at year 2000 levels, a further warming of about 0.1°C per decade would be expected.

IPCC report giving evidence of impact of CO2 increase

Status of Clean Coal Technologies

Reports other than IPCC

IEA CCS technology costs, 2003-5

Stern Report, 2007 – act now or costs greater later

MIT coal report, 2007 – coal needs CCS

McKinsey Report, 2007 – CCS costs in context

Lecture focus: Why power generation? Why coal? Why CCS?

Thambimuthu, GHCT-8 Conference Opening Session, June, 2006. “ Need to focus on

• Power generation, the main source of emissions

• Coal, the main fuel for power generation

• Saline aquifers, the largest potential store ”

CO2 storage capacity

Capacity

• In highly prospective and prospective areas, suitable saline aquifer formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds, at least

• 2,000 GtCO2 ~ 150 years of worldwide CO2 from large stationary sources

Matching CO2 sources and storage sinks

• 30-60% of CO2 emissions from electricity generation and 30-40% of those from industry would be suitable for capture in the future

• IPCC study uses 1-8 US$/tCO2 for 250 km transport

Clean coal technologies in prospect, what is their status, and when might they be implemented?

……. PCC: CO2 capture by scrubbing of the flue gas, here called post-combustion capture

IGCC-CCS: Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) with a shift reactor to convert CO to CO2, which is often called pre-combustion capture

Oxyf: Oxy-fuel combustion, with combustion in oxygen rather than air

The first generation technologies – the most advanced

10

PCC, post-combustion capture, withadditional plant noted in red

Conventional (pf) Power Generation CO2 Capture

Boiler or Gas Turbine

de NOx / FGD

Steam Turbine

Solvent scrubbing

Steam

Air

Fuel

Power CO2 compression CO2

Vented N2, O2, H2O,

some CO2

Flue gas

IGCC-CCS, pre-combustion capture

Gasification Shift Conversion CO+H2O H2+CO2

Air Separation Unit (ASU)

CO2 capture/ acid gas removal

Oxygen

Steam

Sulphur recovery

CO2 compression

Coal, fed dry or as slurry

H2S

CO2

Combined Cycle

Nitrogen Air Power

Air

Sulphur

Air

Oxy- fuel

Boiler or Gas Turbine

Ash removal / cooler /

condenser / FGD

Steam Turbine

Purification / compression

Steam

Oxygen

Fuel

Power

CO2 (SO2)

CO2 –rich Flue Gas

Air Separation unit (ASU)

Air

Recycled Flue Gas (RFG)

Nitrogen

Conc. Stream of CO2

Vent

Status: Examples of operating plants, www.co2captureandstorage.info

X*

X

X

X*

Coal

XXWeyburn*, Sleipner, In SalahStorage

XXKimberlinaOxyfX

X

X

4 power plants- USA, EU

Many refineries

IGCC

Storage

X

Capture

XWarrier Run*, Chiba*, Bellingham

PCC

PowerLocation Technology

Status: Some demonstrations of coal-fired integrated plants

2012

2014

2012

Futuregen (USA), 275 MWe

RWE (Germany), 400-450 MWe

Stanwell (Australia), 200 MWe

IGCC-CCS

2008

2009

Vattenfall (Germany), 30 MWt

Callide (Australia), 30 MWe

Oxyf

Post - 2009RWE (Germany)PCC

CCS options, with desirable characteristics indicated X

Demonstrated

XXOxyf

XIGCC-CCS

XXXPCC

Gives H2

No CO2capture

No O2supply

Can be applied to

slip-stream

For retrofit

Option

Zero emission technology (ZET) targets and CO2release

Emissions, from IEA (2005)

SO2 – 98-99 % removalNOx – 25-50 mg/m3Particulates – 1-10 mg/m3

CO2 release, g/kWh, from IEA technology reports (2003-2005)

Pf+FGD, without capture 710-910

PCC 117IGCC-CCS, dry 142IGCC-CCS, slurry 152Oxyfuel 92

Efficiency comparisons with and without capture, neglecting transport and storage

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

PCC IGCC-CCSslurry

IGCC-CCSdry

Oxyf

Technology

Effic

ienc

y, %

LH

V

With CCS

PCC IGCC IGCC Oxyf

-slurry -dry

Cost of electricity (COE) with carbon penalty

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Pf

PCC

IGCC IGCC-CCS Oxyf

Technology

CO

E ($

/MW

h) $30/t$20/t$10/tCOE

$~Euro, as reported by Stromberg

Pf-PCC

Pf-IGCC-CCS

Pf-Oxyf

PF PCC IGCC IGCC Oxyf-CCS

US$/t CO2

30

20

10

0

Cost increases

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

PCC IGCC-CCSslurry

IGCC-CCSdry

Oxyf

Technology

Incr

ease

in c

osts

due

to c

aptu

re, %

FuelCapitalElectricity

PCC IGCC IGCC Oxyf-slurry -dry

Fuel

Capital

Electricity

The CCT (CO2 free) plant timing?

EU CO2-free plant

Australia COAL21 roadmap

USA FutureGenIGCC-CCS plant

Roadmaps

CCS carbon avoidance costs – comparisons with other options

Global cost curve for GHG abatement opportunities in 2030 from McKinsey report commissioned by Vattenfall, January 2007

Marginal CO2 cost from McKinsey and global ppm from IPCC in 2050

Abatement curves for the power sector 2030, indicating CCS

CCS

CCS

CCS

GHG global reductions in the power sector in 2030

Oxyfuel technology status

Status update, World Resources Institute, 2008

Pipeline gas quality, World Resources Institute, 2008

Pipeline type I Single use (eg future CCS)

II Multiple use

III Relaxed standard ( egWeyburn)

Costs,World Resources Institute,2008

Historical development of oxyfuel technology

Pearl Plant 22

ANL/BHP 0.2

ANL/EERC 1.0

IHI 0.5

IFRF 1.0

International Comb 11.7

CANMET 0.1

B&W/AL 0.4

JSIM/NEDO(Oil) 4.0

IVD-Stuttgart 0.2

PowerGen 0.3

Jupiter 6.7

0.2 RWE-NPOWER

ENEL 1.0

B&W 10

Callide A 30

Vattenfall 10

TOTAL(NG)10

Oxy-coal UK 13.3

CIUDEN 6.7CIUDEN 10

Jamestown 50

Vattenfall 250

Youngdong 100

Demonstration with CCS

Industrial scale without CCS

Pilot scale

0

1

10

100

1000

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020Year

MW

e (o

r MW

t/3)

IEA and G8 Workshop recommendation

“The G8 must act now to commit by 2010, to a diverse portfolio of at least 20 fully integrated industrial-scale demonstration projects (>1 Mtpa), with the expectation of supporting

technology learning and cost reduction, for the broad deployment of CCS by 2020”.

http://ccsassociation.org.uk/docs/2007/Press release on G8 workshop 29 Nov 2007.pdf

Possible roadmap to deployment of first-generation oxyfuel technology

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

Pilot scale testing

Announced industrial scale without CCS

Announced pre‐commercial demonstrations with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Announcement deadline for IEA plants

Announced commercial plant with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Storage sites proven for IEA  plants proven

2022

EPRI nominated period  for pre‐commercial plants

Project development for pre commerical scale plants for IEA target of 2020