Lecture 19 GIS Project Design and Management + Case Studies.
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Transcript of Lecture 19 GIS Project Design and Management + Case Studies.
Lecture 19 GIS Project Design
and Management
+Case Studies
Management Responsibilities
• Planning– Design– Strategy– Staffing
• Standardize– Interoperability– Reuse
• Document– Assume personnel loss and turnover– Write formal documents
Ten step GIS Planning MethodologyTomlinson, Thinking About GIS
• Consider the strategic purpose• Plan for the planning• Conduct a technology seminar• Describe the information products• Define the system scope• Create a data design• Choose a logical model• Determine system requirements• Benefit-cost, migration and risk analysis• Make an implementation plan
Needs Assessment
Concept. Design
Physical Design
Implementation
7. Request forProposal (RFP)
11. Implementation
Plan
12.Contract
13. Acceptance Testing
1.Definition ofObjectives
2. User Requirements
3. Preliminary Design
4. Cost-BenefitAnalysis
5. Pilot Study
Analysis of Requirements
6. Final Design
8. Shortlisting
9. Benchmark Testing
10. Cost-Effectiveness
Evaluation
A Fourteen Step Implementation Process!
14. Implementation
Source: Longley, et. al. p. 391
(assumes external acquisition)
Specification of Requirements
Evaluation ofAlternatives
Implementation of System
Project Management Tools
• WBS (Work Breakdown Structure) chart
• GANNT Charts
• PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)
• SWOT analysis
• RISK Management Plan
WBS Chart
GANNT Chart
PERT Chart
Program Evaluation and Review Technique
SWOT Analysis
Risk Management Plan
• Identify the risks
• Rate the risks
• Establish triggers for problems
• Identify mitigating actions
• Identify the owner of the risk
Which level of GIS?
• Project• Single department application (Departmental
GIS)• Multi departmental application• Enterprise system (Enterprise GIS)• Multi Organizational endeavor (Community GIS)
• Organizational Environment– Expected result is a product, e.g a map or
report– Project has an end date and finite project– No long-term support expected & no
commitment to ongoing GIS– Little organizational impact
• GIS Implementation Approach– One-time effort – Need best tool for the job– Consultant or contractor may do entire thing
Level I: Project
• Organizational Environment– Small Organization or Single Department– Well-defined, existing business function to be supported – Ongoing support is required but no commitment to GIS– Little or no reorganization e.g. manual drafters shift to GIS
workstation– Managed by departmental responsible for business activity
• GIS Implementation Approach– PC or standalone workstation– maybe CAD focused– Little or no integration with attribute databases
– Little sharing of information within or beyond department
Level II: Single Department
• Organizational Environment– Mid-size to large organization, more than one department– More significant commitment of staff and budget to GIS– Ongoing support and update strategies– Some organizational implications (“Champion”) – Managed by cooperating departments
• GIS Implementation– Multiple, networked PCs/workstations– Topological GIS– Object/Relational database– Some information sharing between departments
Level III: Multi-Department
• Organizational Environment– Usually medium to large organization, multiple
departments– High level long-term commitment to GIS– Organization-level strategic planning, distributed
implementation and maintenance– Incorporation of GIS as part of organizational
infrastructure – Corporate management support and involvement is
essential
• GIS Implementation– Distributed client-server network(s)– Integration of multiple GIS, database, and related
technologies– Multi-department data sharing, standards and metadata
Level IV: Enterprise System
Level V: Multi-Organizational
• Organizational Environment– Public organizations or industry alliance– Multi-participant organizational structure for planning and policy– Distributed maintenance responsibilities across organizations– Long-term, high level commitments among participating organizations– Significant reorganization of functions across organizations
• GIS Implementation– Distributed maintenance of shared elements– Data exchange facility and standards and metadata, Internet or other
WAN– Data integration from multiple technologies
GIS Development CycleGIS Development Cycle
NeedsAssessment
ConceptualDesign
DatabasePlanningand DesignAvailable
Data Survey
Pilot / Benchmark
HW and SW Survey
DatabaseConstruction
Acquisition ofGIS HW andSW
GIS SystemIntegration
Application
Development
GIS Use and
Database
Maintenance
First decides what the GIS should do, second decide how the GIS will accomplish each task.
1. Needs Assessment1. Needs Assessment• Interviews, focus groups can capture the
needs of a dept (managers, users, customers)
• Compiling the results of the needs assessment– Master data list– Master function list– Budget constraints
• Assess available systems• Select the system
2. Design and Choose a Data Model
The conceptual data model is a high level view, independent of the computer system.– Identify the elements of the data model and
their relationship to one another (flowchart)– Create a list of actions the system must
perform.– Identify system inputs and outputs.– Group actions, inputs and outputs into a
logical order,
2. Design and Choose a Data Model
The physical data model describes the organization of the data in the computer.– Choose a physical model that is closest to the
aspects of the real world which you wish to model.
– May be straight forward – vector for road network.
– Not so straight forward – TIN or DEM for terrain analysis
3. Designing the Analysis
Cartographic Modeling– Identify the map layers or spatial data
required.– Use natural language to explain the
processes involved.– Draw a flow chart of step 2.– Annotate the flow chart with commands
necessary to perform the operations within the GIS.
Cartographic modeling
Cartographic models
Often represented with flowcharts; graphically representing the spatial data, operations and their sequence
Stages in Developing an Application
• The waterfall approach – a linear approach to the management , development and implementation of a system.
• The prototyping approach
• Pilot project
Waterfall Approach
• Methodology– Feasibility study– System investigation and system analysis– System design– Implementation review and maintenance
• Problems with the approach.– Often misses the problem context for the group for whom it is
being developed.– Limits flexibility for change in the scope and timeline of the
project.– Does not put the user at the center of the design.– Considered to be technocratic view of system development.
Prototyping
Figure 12.5 The prototyping approach
Advantages of Prototyping
• Users have more direct involvement in the design of the system.
• It is easier to adapt the system in the face of changing circumstances.
• It can be easily abandoned if it fails to meet users needs.
• If time and money are available a number of prototypes can be built.
Problems of Prototyping
• Can be difficult to manage– Large number of users– Differing opinions
• Resource implications may change after development of the prototype.
• Knowing when to stop development can be a problem.
Pilot Projects
• As a demonstration, to show potential users the possible utility of GIS
• As an experiment to test a particular technical aspect of implementation
• As a temporary operation or production environment to assess operational feasibility or to determine organizational impact
• As a trail run to test adequacy of project planing and design
• As a benchmark test to compare hardware, software, network configurations being considered
GIS Implementation issues
• GIS Paradigm– Use of spatial location as integrating framework for
information– Power of spatial analysis
• Geographic Data Management Principles– Extend data management principles to include geography– Builds on standard IT practice
• Technology– Select appropriate GIS-enabling technology and plan to
evolve– Follow and exploit new technologies
• Organizational Setting– Organizational setting a crucial ingredient to success/failure– Level and nature of enterprise
Implementation Problems
• Data in the wrong format for the software.
• A lack of GIS knowledge imposing technical and conceptual constraints on the project.
• Users frequently changing their mind about what they want.
4. Project Evaluation
Test and evaluate the output– Difficult if the output is being used to make
predictions,– Tests to see if the GIS meets its goals
• Are people using the application for which it was designed?
• Check the output against reality.• Evaluate the changes that had to be made through
the development stages from rich picture to implementation.
Case Study 1Exploring Response Times
Which areas are within a four-minute drive time of a fire station
in a particular city.
A Street Map with City Boundary
Step 1
• Find areas within a four-minute drive time of a fire station during both light and heavy traffic conditions.
• In ArcGIS for Desktop you use the Network Analyst service area solver to create drive-time areas.
• You will need to have the Network Analyst extension installed, and a street network dataset that contains traffic information.
• First, add the Network analyst toolbar and create a New Service Area.
• Right-click Service Area in the table of contents and select Properties.
• On the Analysis Settings tab, set the drive time (Default Breaks) to 4 minutes and specify the day of week (Tuesday) and time of day (2:00 am).
• Click Solve on the Network Analyst toolbar to calculate and display the drive-time areas.
• To save the drive-time polygons, export them and add them to your map when prompted.
Area within a four-minute drive time from a fire station during light traffic conditions (2:00 a.m. on a Tuesday morning)
Step 2
• To find areas within four minutes of a fire station on a typical Friday afternoon at 5:00 p.m., open the Service Area layer properties dialog box again, and on the Analysis Settings tab, change the Time of Day and Day of Week settings to 5 PM on Friday. Then click the Solve button on the Network Analyst toolbar, and export the resulting drive-time polygons, as before.
Area within a four-minute drive time from a fire station during heavy traffic conditions (5:00 p.m. on a Friday afternoon)
Step 3
• Find out how many minutes from a fire station the farthest parts of the city are.
• To find areas within 6, 8, 10, and 12 minutes of a fire station on a typical Friday afternoon at 5:00 p.m., open the Service Area layer properties dialog box, and on the Analysis Settings tab, change the Default Breaks to 6, 8, 10, and 12 minutes.
• Once again click the Solve button on the Network Analyst toolbar, and export the resulting drive-time polygons.
Areas within 6, 8, 10, or 12 minutes of a fire station. Most of the populated part of the city is within 6 or 8 minutes.
Case 2Are there any places in the city
to build a mixed-use development?
Introduction• With the success of several medium-sized mixed-use
developments that have been built in the city over the past decade, a real estate analyst for a local development company has been keeping an eye on the market.
• The company wants to build several small mixed-use developments with a restaurant or shops at street level and three or four floors of housing or office space above.
• The analyst is particularly interested in locations of existing gas stations as potential sites.
• With fewer people driving, especially in urban centers, and improved fuel mileage in cars, profit margins for station owners are getting thinner and thinner. Many are realizing they can make more money by selling the land to developers.
Using information on the location of light rail stops, selected businesses, and the regional plan, theanalyst will attempt to identify areas that might be good candidates for small mixed-use development projects.
Find areas within a quarter-mile of a store or restaurant, light rail
stop, or planned commercial district.
Step 1
• Use the Buffer tool to create a quarter-mile buffer around the light rail stops.
Step 2
• Use Select By Attributes with businesses to select restaurants and bars, clothing stores, and home furnishings stores.
• These correspond to Department of Labor SIC2 codes 56, 57, and 58.
Step 3
• Use the Buffer tool to create a quarter-mile buffer around the selected businesses.
Steps 4 & 5
• Use Select By Attributes with the regional plan layer to select neighborhood commercial districts.
• These correspond to the CC and CN regional plan codes.
• Use the Buffer tool to create a quarter-mile buffer around the commercial districts.
The buffer layers for light rail stops, shops and restaurants, and planned commercial districts are displayed together.
Potential development areas are displayed with the locations of gas stations.
Step 6
• Use the Union tool to combine the light rail stop buffer layer and the shop and restaurant buffer layer.
• Union allows you to combine several layers at one time.
Step 7
• Then use Dissolve to erase the residual buffer boundaries.
Step 8
• Display the layer of potential development areas with locations of gas stations.
The three buffer layers have been combined using Union to create the layer of potential development areas.
Display the layer of potential development areas with
locations of gas stations.
Steps 1, 2 & 3
• Use Select By Attributes with the businesses to select gas stations. These correspond to SIC code 5541.
• To display the gas stations and the layer of potential development areas, create a layer from the selected set (the gas stations).
• Change the symbol used to draw gas stations to Gas.
Display the layer of potential development areas with
existing mixed-use zone areas.
Step 1
• Use Select By Attributes with the zoning layer to select the mixed-use zones.
• These correspond to regional zoning codes MUC1 and MUC2.
• Create a layer from the selected features (as with gas stations, above) and display the mixed-use zones layer with the layer of potential development areas.
Summarize the amount of land currently and potentially zoned
for mixed use.
Step 1• For the zoning layer, calculate the area of
each zone—in square miles—by adding a field to the attribute table.
Step 2
• Then use the Calculate Geometry option to calculate the area for each zone.
Step 3
• Right-click the new field and click Statistics to get the sum of the area currently zoned for mixed use.
Step 4• Clip the potential development areas using
the city boundary to get only the development areas inside the city.
Step 5
• Clip creates a single output feature representing the areas of the potential mixed-use development.
• Calculate the area in square miles by adding a field to the attribute table and using the Calculate Geometry option (as shown above for the existing mixed-use zones).
• You can then enter the area values for the mixed-use zoning and potential development areas into a spreadsheet to create the bar chart.
Potential development areas are displayed with current mixed-use zoning.
A chart showing the amount of land currently zoned for mixed-use development compared to the amount of land in the development area layer
While not all of that area can be rezoned, the map and chart show that there is potentially much more land that could be used for mixed-use developments.