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Lecture 17Respiratory System

Tobacco Use

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Lecture 18

1. What Is Respiration

2. The Respiratory System

3. Diseases of the Respiratory System

4. Tobacco Use

5. Effects of Tobacco Use

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Respiration?

• The movement of Oxygen to cells and the

transport of Carbon Dioxide in the opposite

direction.

• The Oxygen is needed for Cellular

Respiration the metabolic process by which

an organism obtains energy.

• Carbon Dioxide is waste.

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Respiration by Diffusion

• Some animals simply allow gases to diffuse through their skins.

• These animals have a low metabolic rate.

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Human Respiratory System

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What does it do?

– Works closely with circulatory system,

exchanging gases between air and blood:

• Takes up oxygen from air and supplies it to

blood

• Removal and disposal of carbon dioxide from

blood

Human Respiratory System

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Pathway of Inhaled Air: • Nasal cavity

• Pharynx (Throat)

• Trachea (Windpipe)

• Bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Alveoli (Site of gas exchange)

• Exhaled air follows reverse pathway.

Human Respiratory System

1. Nasal Cavity - Air enters nostrils, is filtered by hairs, warmed, humidified, and sampled for odors as it flows through a maze of spaces.

Human Respiratory System

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2. Pharynx (Throat) - Intersection where pathway for air and food cross. Most of the time, the pathway for air is open, except when we swallow.

Human Respiratory System

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Alveoli (Alveolus sing.)

• The alveoli are

moist, thin-walled,

vascularized

pockets

• the site of gas

exchange.

In the Alveolus

• The respiratory

surface is made up of

the alveoli and

capillary walls.

• The walls of the

capillaries and the

alveoli may share the

same membrane.

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How do we breath?

How do we breath?

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Diseases of the Respiratory System

• In one day, an average human:

– Breathes 20,000 times

– Inhales 35 pounds of air

Diseases of the Respiratory System

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• Condition in which breathing is impaired by constriction of bronchi and bronchioles, cough, and thick mucus secretions.

Asthma

• Causes - Attacks may be precipitated by inhalation of allergens (e.g.: pollen, cats, and cockroach proteins), pollutants, infection, or emotional stress.

• Treatment - Alleviate symptoms (e.g.: immuno-suppressors, bronchodilators), but is not a cure.

Asthma

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• Bronchitis - Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi. Cough, fever, chest or back pain, and fatigue.

Causes - Associated with smoking, pollution, and bacterial or viral infections.

Diseases of the Respiratory System

• Pneumonia - Acute infection of the lung tissues that leads to an accumulation of fluid. High fever, chills, headache, cough, and chest pain.

Causes - Bacterial, fungal, or viral infections.Treatment: Antibiotics or other antimicrobials.

Diseases of the Respiratory System

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Effects of smoking

Inhaled smoke contains:

• CO2 which affects the

CO2 diffusion gradient.

• Carcinogenic chemicals

that can trigger tumors.

• Toxic nicotine, which

paralyzes cilia that

normally clean the

lungs.

Gross, isn’t it?

Emphysema• Permanent and

irreversible destruction

of alveolar walls.

• loss of lung elasticity

and gas exchange

surface.

• Both active and passive

smoking (“second-

hand” smoke).All types of smoke, not just tobacco, can cause cancers and emphysema.

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Cystic Fibrosis

• CF - caused by mutation of a

single gene, the CFTR gene,

which controls salt balance

in the lungs.

• If the interior of the cell is

too salty, water is drawn from

lung mucus by osmosis,

causing the mucus to

become thick and sticky.

Cystic Fibrosis

• At this point there is no

cure for CF, though there

are therapies that have

extended the lives of CF

patients, including lung

transplants.

• Gene therapy may one day

insert “good” CFTR genes

into lung cells to make

them operate normally.

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Tobacco Use

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Who Smokes?

Patterns of Tobacco Use

• 19 percent of the adult population in the United States are

smokers, down from 42 percent in 1965

• The decline of smoking since 1965 is largely because of

public health campaigns about the hazards of smoking

• Although smoking in the United States has declined, the

rate of decline has slowed since 1990

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Substances in Tobacco

• Tar - is a thick, sticky residue formed when tobacco

leaves burn, containing hundreds of chemical compounds

and carcinogenic substances

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Substances in Tobacco

• Nicotine - is the primary addictive ingredient in tobacco;

it is a poison and a psychoactive drug

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Substances in Tobacco

• Carbon Monoxide - is an odorless gas that interferes with the

ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen to vital body organs

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Other Nasty Stuff…

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Tobacco Products

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Tobacco Products

• Cigarettes

– The most popular tobacco product

• Hookahs

– Potentially greater risk than cigarettes because of more

puffs

• Cigars

– Nicotine absorbed in mucus membranes of the mouth:

higher risk for oral cancers

• Pipes

– Pipe smoke has more toxins than cigarette smoke

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Tobacco Products

• Smokeless tobacco

– Snuff

– Chewing tobacco

– Use of spit tobacco is believed to cause about

10 to 15 percent of oral cancers

• Dissolvable tobacco products

– Small pellets, sticks, or strips that consist of finely

ground and pressed tobacco

– Ingested orally like a breath mint

Why Do People Smoke?• Nicotine - highly addictive psychoactive drug

– May be the most addictive of all the psychoactive

drugs

– Increases in release of dopamine

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Why Do People Smoke?

• Behavioral Dependence

–Many smokers have a harder time imagining their future life without cigarettes than they do dealing with the physiological symptoms of withdrawal

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Why Do People Smoke?

• Weight Control

– Nicotine suppresses appetite and slightly

increases basal metabolic rate

– People who start smoking often lose weight, and

continuing smokers gain weight less rapidly than

nonsmokers

– Weight control is one of the major reasons young

women give for smoking

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Why Do People Smoke?

• Tobacco marketing and advertising

– Because most smokers get hooked in

adolescence, children and teenagers are prime

targets of tobacco advertising

– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1eWalksCgM

– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHQTjg2JMUo

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“Joe Camel”

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“Joe Chemo”

Effects of Tobacco Use

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Short-Term Effects of Tobacco Use

• Nicotine effects can reach the brain within 7–10 seconds,

producing both stimulation AND sedation

• Smoke quickly affects heart rate, blood pressure, and body

temperature

• Tar and toxins damage cilia, the hair-like structures that

prevent toxins and debris from reaching delicate lung tissue

• Cardiovascular system cannot effectively deliver oxygen to

muscle cells

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Long term effects of tobacco use:• Loss of Appetite

• Yellowing of teeth

• Yellowing of facial hair

• Halitosis (bad breath)

• Lung cancer

• Other cancers of the mouth and throat

• HEART DISEASE

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Let’s examine a few of these effects

in detail:

• Lung cancer not the biggest issue when it comes to the

effects of smoking.

• COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) - is the

co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a

pair of commonly co-existing diseases of the lungs in

which the airways become narrowed.

• COPD leads to a limitation of the flow of air to and from

the lungs, causing shortness of breath. COPD patients find

it hard to breathe.

Premature Aging

• Smokers tend to age quickly even though they may not be advanced in years.

• Smoker’s faces are characterized by wrinkles and lacking in shine.

• Every puff of cigarette smoke you inhale diminishes the skin’s oxygen supply by reducing circulation.

• Collagen, the fibrous protein responsible for producing new, healthy skin, is greatly reduced while the water content of the skin also drops significantly. This is what leads to a smoker’s sagging and ugly skin.

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Long term effects of tobacco use

Effects of smoking during pregnancy

• Developing fetuses take in over 70% of what the mother take

in, including inhaled substances.

• Cigarette smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of low

birth weight, premature birth, spontaneous abortion, perinatal

death.

• Smoking has been linked to learning disabilities in children

whose parents smoked when they were in the womb.

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Special Health Risks for Men

• Greater use of other forms of tobacco (cigars, pipes,

smokeless tobacco) places men at higher risk for cancers of

the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach

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Benefits of Quitting

• Risks for many health problems are reduced when smokers

quit

• Health benefits begin immediately and are more significant

over time

• Within a year, the risk for heart attack and coronary artery

disease is reduced by half

– Within 5 years, the risk approaches that of nonsmokers

• Quitting increases quality of life

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke

• Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS): smoke from other

people’s tobacco products, also known as Secondhand

Smoke or Passive Smoke

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Environmental Tobacco Smoke

• Significant evidence indicates that inhaling ETS has

serious health consequences

• In 2006, the U.S. surgeon general stated that there is no

safe level of ETS exposure

• Infants and children are especially vulnerable to the

effects of ETS

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Treatment Programs and Medications to

Quit Smoking

• Treatment Programs

– Of smokers who enter good treatment programs, 20–40% are able

to quit for at least a year

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Treatment Programs and Medications to

Quit Smoking

• Medications

– Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT)

• Transdermal patch, nicotine inhaler,

nicotine patch, hand gel (Nicogel)

– Prescription drug (Zyban, Wellbutrin, Chantix)

– Experimental vaccine (NicVax)

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Quitting On Your Own

• Very difficult, BUT doable

• Develop a behavior change plan

– Record and analyze your smoking patterns

– Establish goals

– Prepare to quit

– Implement your plan

– Prevent relapse

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