Lecture 16
-
Upload
sehrish-rafiq -
Category
Technology
-
view
200 -
download
0
Transcript of Lecture 16
![Page 1: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DATA COMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKING
LECTURE-14
Course Instructor : Sehrish Rafiq
Department Of Computer Science
University Of Peshawar
![Page 2: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
LECTURE OVERVIEW Communication Between Devices Switching Circuit switching Space Division Switching Cross-Bar switch Multistage Switch
![Page 3: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
COMMUNICATION BETWEEN DEVICES
Whenever we have multiple devices we have the problem of how to connect them to make one to one communication possible.
One solution is to install a point-to-point connection between each pair of devices(a mesh topology) .
OR A point-to-point connection between a
central device and every other device in a star topology.
![Page 4: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
LIMITATIONS OF THE PREVIOUS SOLUTION
These methods however, are impractical and waste ful when applied to very large networks.
The number and length of the links require too much infrastructure to be cost efficient and the majority of those links would be idle most of the time.
Other topologies employing multipoint connections such as bus are ruled out because the distances between devices and total number of devices increase beyond the capacities of the media and equipment.
![Page 5: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
WHAT SHOULD BE THE SOLUTION???
A better solution is switching. A switched network consists of a series of
interlinked nodes , called switches. Switches are hardware and/or software
devices capable of creating temporary connections between two or more devices linked to the switch but not to each other.
In a switched network, some of those nodes are connected to the communicating devices.
Others are used only for routing.
![Page 6: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
TYPES OF SWITCHING
Circuit switching Packet switching Message switching
![Page 7: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
CIRCUIT SWITCHING Circuit switching creates a direct physical
connection between two devices such as phones or computers.
![Page 8: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CIRCUIT SWITCH A circuit switch is a device with n inputs and
m outputs that creates a temporary connection between an input link and output link.
![Page 9: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
FOLDED SWITCH An n-by-n folded switch can connect n lines
in full duplex mode. It can connect n telephones in such a way
that each phone can be connected to every other phone.
![Page 10: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
CIRCUIT SWITCHING TECHNOLOGIES
Circuit switching can use either of two technologies.
Space division switch Time division switch
![Page 11: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING
In space division switching, the paths in the circuit are separated from each other spatially.
This technology was originally designed for use in analog networks but is used currently in both analog and digital networks.
![Page 12: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CROSS-BAR SWITCH A crossbar switch connects n-inputs to m-
outputs in a special grid, using electronic micro switches(transistors) at each cross point.
The major limitations of this design is the number of cross points required.
Connecting n inputs to m outputs using a cross-bar switch requires n x m cross points.
![Page 13: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
CROSS BAR SWITCH
![Page 14: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
LIMITATIONS OF CROSS BAR SWITCH
A cross bar switch with a very large number of cross points is impractical.
Such a switch is also inefficient because statistics show that in practice fewer than 25% of the cross points are in use at any given time.
![Page 15: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
MULTISTAGE SWITCH
The solutions to the limitations of the cross bar switch is the multistage switch which combines cross bar switches in several stages.
In multistage switching, devices are linked to switches that in turn are linked to other switches.
The design of a multistage switch depends on the number of stages and the number of switches required or (desired) at each stage.
Normally the middle stages have fewer switches than do the first and last stages.
![Page 16: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
MULTISTAGE SWITCH
![Page 17: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
OBSERVATIONS Each of the first stage switches must have an
output to each of the intermediate switches. Each of the third stage switch must have
input from each of the intermediate switches. The intermediate switch must connect to all
three-first stage switches and all three last stage switches and so must have 3 inputs and 3 outputs each.
![Page 18: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
MULTIPLE PATHS Multi-stage switches provide several options
for connecting each pair of linked devices.
![Page 19: Lecture 16](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062303/55839102d8b42a8e0c8b52a4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
HAVE NICE TIME AT HOME!!!