Lecture 13 Biotechnology part 1.ppt - Linn–Benton...

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11/9/2015 1 Biology 102 Biology 102 Lecture 13: Biotechnology Lecture 13: Biotechnology Part 1 Part 1 Biotechnology Biotechnology The use or alteration of organisms, cells, or The use or alteration of organisms, cells, or biomolecules biomolecules to produce food, drugs, or other to produce food, drugs, or other goods goods Has huge potential for benefit Has huge potential for benefit Has some risks and ethical questions as well Has some risks and ethical questions as well Biotechnology Biotechnology People seem to think that biotechnology is new People seem to think that biotechnology is new Truthfully, we’ve been doing this forever Truthfully, we’ve been doing this forever Biotechnology Biotechnology But now our technology changes rapidly and is But now our technology changes rapidly and is capable of more capable of more Topics Topics Stem cells and cloning Stem cells and cloning Genetic engineering Genetic engineering Forensic technology Forensic technology Medical diagnosis and treatment Medical diagnosis and treatment Research Research What are Stem Cells? Stem cells are non Stem cells are non-differentiated cells differentiated cells (no specific function) (no specific function) Able to divide and multiply indefinitely Able to divide and multiply indefinitely Two types: Two types: 1. 1.Embryonic Stem Cells Embryonic Stem Cells 2. 2.Adult Stem Cells Adult Stem Cells

Transcript of Lecture 13 Biotechnology part 1.ppt - Linn–Benton...

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Biology 102Biology 102

Lecture 13: BiotechnologyLecture 13: Biotechnology

Part 1Part 1

BiotechnologyBiotechnology

•• The use or alteration of organisms, cells, or The use or alteration of organisms, cells, or biomoleculesbiomolecules to produce food, drugs, or other to produce food, drugs, or other goodsgoods

•• Has huge potential for benefitHas huge potential for benefit

•• Has some risks and ethical questions as wellHas some risks and ethical questions as well

BiotechnologyBiotechnology

•• People seem to think that biotechnology is newPeople seem to think that biotechnology is new

•• Truthfully, we’ve been doing this foreverTruthfully, we’ve been doing this forever

BiotechnologyBiotechnology

•• But now our technology changes rapidly and is But now our technology changes rapidly and is capable of morecapable of more

TopicsTopics

•• Stem cells and cloningStem cells and cloning

•• Genetic engineeringGenetic engineering

•• Forensic technologyForensic technology

•• Medical diagnosis and treatmentMedical diagnosis and treatment

•• ResearchResearch

What are Stem Cells?

Stem cells are nonStem cells are non--differentiated cellsdifferentiated cells(no specific function)(no specific function)

Able to divide and multiply indefinitelyAble to divide and multiply indefinitely

Two types:Two types:

1.1.Embryonic Stem CellsEmbryonic Stem Cells

2.2.Adult Stem CellsAdult Stem Cells

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What are Stem Cells?

•• Remember: all cells in the body contain the Remember: all cells in the body contain the same chromosomessame chromosomes

•• This is because all cells in our body come This is because all cells in our body come from the same fertilized eggfrom the same fertilized egg

Human DevelopmentHuman Development

Human DevelopmentHuman Development

Kidney cells

Stomach cells

Nerve cells

Muscle cells

Blood cellsBone cells

The Human BodyThe Human Body

• Totipotent cell – any cell type, including extra-embryonic

• Pluripotent cell – any cell type, not including extra-embryonic

• Multipotent cell – multiple cell types

• Unipotent cell – one cell type

ESC are cells isolated from 5-6 day old embryosthat can become any cell in the human body

Cell Potential

ESC are pluripotent cells

Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC) Embryonic Stem Cells

ESC are derived from the inner cell mass of a 5-6 day old embryo – called a blastocyst

2 cells 4 cells 8 cells 16 cells 70-100 cells

Inner cell mass

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Cultured stem cells

Multipotent cells found in small numbers within specific tissues

• Bone• Blood• Muscle• Liver• Skin• Nerves

Examples:

Adult Stem Cells (ASC)Adult Stem Cells (ASC)

Why would the adult body need stem cells?

Problems with Adult stem cells

� Specific for certain tissue(s)

� Small number of cells

� Hard to culture

� Lacking research

• Adult stem cells have been used for years (bone marrow transplants)

• In animal models, used to treat diseases

• More advanced techniques show promise

• No ethical concerns

Adult Stem Cells (ASC)Adult Stem Cells (ASC)

Special type of multipotent stem cells

Umbilical Cord Stem CellsUmbilical Cord Stem Cells

Can be used for transplants later in life

Some parents choose to bank cord blood forthis purpose = $$$$$$$

Pluripotent Multipotent

Liver Nerve Blood

Embryonic SC Adult SC

Why study Stem CellsMany Potential Uses:

1.Study Human Development

� Cancer & Genetic Disorders

2.Test New Drugs

� How specific tissues react to new drugs

3.Cell-Based Therapies:

� Several types

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Cell-Based Therapies

• Repair damaged tissue

� Bone marrow transplant in Leukemia patients

Cell-Based Therapies• Repair damaged tissue

� Bone marrow transplant

� Spinal cord injuries

− Severed rat spinal cord fixed

The Journal of Neuroscience. March 29, 2006

Cell-Based Therapies• Repair damaged tissue

� Bone marrow transplant

� Spinal cord injuries

� Type 1 diabetes

� Degenerative diseases

Cell-Based Therapies• Repair damaged tissue

� Bone marrow transplant

� Spinal cord injuries

� Type 1 diabetes

� Neurodegenerative diseases

• Replace damaged tissues or organs

� Growing organs for transplantation

� Heart, kidney, lungs, liver

Solves the problem of tissue rejection

Types of Cloning• Molecular cloning (DNA cloning)

– Manipulating a small piece of DNA, typically using bacteria

as host

• Reproductive cloning

– Technique used to generate an animal with exact genetic

makeup (DNA) as another animal

• Therapeutic cloning

– Creating stem cell lines with same DNA as a patient, used

for treating diseases and disorders

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Cloned Stem Cells

• Immune system will recognize & destroy cells with different DNA

• Therefore, stem cells need to contain same DNA as patient

• Cloned Stem Cells -

• Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

“Therapeutic Cloning”

� Somatic cells = all body cells except gametes

� Nucleus = region of cell containing DNA

� Transfer = remove and replace

Normal Embryo Formation

23 chromosomes23 chromosomes 23 chromosomes23 chromosomes

46 chromosomes

• Each sex cell contains 23 chromosomes

• The two sets of chromosomes come together to form a unique individual

Nucleus removed & saved

Nucleus donor

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

“Reproductive Cloning”

Surrogate Mother

Clone produced

Nucleus discarded

Egg donor

Egg

Insert saved

nucleus into egg

Stimulate egg to divide

Hello, Dolly!

Nucleus removed & saved

Nucleus donor

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

“Reproductive Cloning”

“Therapeutic Cloning”

Surrogate Mother

Clone produced

Nucleus discarded

Egg donor

EggIsolate ESC, use for Cell-Based

Therapies

Insert saved

nucleus into egg

Stimulate egg to divide

Therapeutic Cloning

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Problems & Controversies

• Tissue rejection

• Should be overcome by cloned stem cells

• Viruses

• Standard culture media contains mice feeder cells

• Cancer

• Stems cells may pose a cancer threat

Main Problems w/ Stem Cell Research

Controversies

“Making Human Clones”

If SCNT is developed for Cell-Based Therapies,then rouge scientists could abuse the technology

ControversiesIs Embryonic Stem Cell Research Murder?

Stage at which ES cells are removed and embryo destroyed

ESC procedures do not use aborted fetuses(Fetal stem cell technology is different)

Many frozen embryos are have been or will be discarded

Is it alive?

Current Policy

� No law ever banned stem cell research in the US, only placed restrictions on funding and use

� On August 9, 2001, President George Bush announced NIH will fund embryonic stem cell research for the first time.

� In 2009, President Barack Obama allowed new hESC lines to be created with federal funds

� Embryos must have been created for reproductive purposes, but discarded and donated with consent

� It is currently not legal in the US to create human embryos purely for research purposes

New Research

What does it mean?

• First cloned embryo in a primate

Significance:

• Technology likely to transfer to humans

• Cloned hESC ���� cell-based therapies to treat disease

• Cloned hESC ���� human clones??

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New Research

What does it mean?

• Destroying embryos not required for stem cell lines

Significance:

• Still uses fertilized egg, so not a genetic match to patient

New Research

What does it mean?

• Reprogramming body cells into pluripotent stem cells

Significance:

• Stem cell lines produced that are an exact genetic match to the patient ���� cell-based therapies

• No embryo involved

• Everyone could have own stem cell line

• Technology far from fruition

Conclusions• Embryonic SC = pluripotent ���� any body cell

• Adult SC = multipotent ���� several cell types

• Cell-based therapies could treat many diseases

� Repair or replace damaged tissues or organs

• SCNT not yet available in humans

� Cloned stem cells

• Reprogramming body cells, while a new technology, is very promising

� Could alleviate many controversies

Types of Cloning

• Molecular cloning (DNA cloning)

– Manipulating a small piece of DNA, typically using bacteria as

host

• Therapeutic cloning

– Creating stem cell lines with same DNA as a patient, used for

treating diseases and disorders

• Reproductive cloning

– Technique used to generate an animal with exact genetic

makeup (DNA) as another animal

Genetic Engineering

Recombinant DNA - combining DNA molecules not

found together in nature; via cloning

Making Human InsulinMaking Human InsulinGenetically Modified Organism (GMO):

– an organism that contains foreign DNA

– w/ altered characteristics

– does not occur

naturally

– obtained via cloning

technology

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How are GMOs made?

• Cloning

– Not reproductive cloning

• Duplicate animal

– Not therapeutic cloning

• Stem cell research

George and CharlieGeorge and Charlie

DollyDolly

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DNA Cloning –

– Molecular cloning

– Inserting foreign DNA

from one organism into

another

what is it?

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Where are GM foods?

The Marketplace

– 80% of processed food

contains GMO

In the US:

– Corn ~88% is GM

– Soybean ~93% is GM

– Cotton ~94% is GM

– Canola ~90% is GM

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What types of crops?

– canola

– rice

– corn

– soybean

– cotton

– squash

– papaya

– sugar beet

– potato

– chicory

– tomato

– apple

– mango

– banana

– pineapple

– barley

– sweet potato

– coconut

– flax

– zucchini

Past, present and future

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What’s being put in the plants?

• Insect resistance (corn, cotton, potato, tomato)

• Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis)

• Benefits

– Plants produce their own pesticide

– Reduction in crop loss due to caterpillars

– Non-toxic to humans

• Concerns

– Short half-life on the surface of plants, but not when the

plant keeps making it

– Non-target species are killed, such as butterflies and bees

• Even from exposure to just the pollen

– Emergence of secondary pests

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What’s being put in the plants?

• Herbicide resistance (corn, soybean, cotton, canola,

sugarbeets, rice, flax)

• Glyphosate (= RoundUp)

• Benefits

– Herbicide can be applied at any time in plant’s life cycle

– Reduces production cost, crop loss

• Concerns

– Environmental impact of increased herbicide use

– Antimicrobial – unknown impact on human

microbiome

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What’s being put in the plants?

• Virus resistance (squash, papaya, potato, sweet potato)

• Delayed fruit ripening (tomato)

• Altered oil content (canola, soybeans, rapeseed)

• Pollen control (corn, chicory)

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Potential Benefits of GMOs• Increased productivity

• Reduced cost (?)

• Better resistance

• Better nutritional content (?)

• Disease treatment (human)

• New materials and energy sources

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General GMO Concerns

• Human health

– Long-term health consequences unknown, because the

studies are impossible or unethical

– Possible secondary effects

• Example: rBST

– The USDA says they’re safe, they’re probably (mostly) right

– But they’ve been wrong before…

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General GMO Concerns

• Human health

– Unexpected allergens

– Example: GMO soybeans with Brazil Nut proteins

+

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General GMO Concerns

• Environmental

– GMO plants may cross-pollinate with wild varieties

• “Super weeds”

– Less judicious herbicide/pesticide use

– Impact on non-target species

– Emergence of secondary pests

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General GMO Concerns

• Political

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General GMO Concerns

• Political

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General GMO Concerns

• Political

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Dairy and Meat Products

• 70% of cheese made from genetically engineered enzyme

• Milk from cows treated w/ growth hormone (increase

production)

• Livestock eats GM feed

• Currently no GM meat is available

– Awaiting FDA decision on GMO salmon since

December 2014

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Genetic engineered plants produce pharmaceutical drugs or chemicals

Biopharming

What is it?

What’s in the future?

– Edible vaccines

– Plantibodies

– Plant made plastics

– Fuel compounds (alcohols)

– Therapeutic proteins

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