Lecture 13: Basic Circuit Theory I EEN 112: Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering...
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Transcript of Lecture 13: Basic Circuit Theory I EEN 112: Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering...
![Page 1: Lecture 13: Basic Circuit Theory I EEN 112: Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering Professor Eric Rozier, 4/1/13.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e525503460f94b48072/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lecture 13: Basic Circuit Theory I
EEN 112: Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering
Professor Eric Rozier, 4/1/13
![Page 2: Lecture 13: Basic Circuit Theory I EEN 112: Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering Professor Eric Rozier, 4/1/13.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e525503460f94b48072/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
QUIZ GRADES AND RESULTS
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Quiz III Grade Distribution
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Grade Distribution
![Page 5: Lecture 13: Basic Circuit Theory I EEN 112: Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering Professor Eric Rozier, 4/1/13.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e525503460f94b48072/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
REVIEW
![Page 6: Lecture 13: Basic Circuit Theory I EEN 112: Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering Professor Eric Rozier, 4/1/13.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e525503460f94b48072/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Identify the Architecture
CPU
ProgramMemory
DataMemory
Bus
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Identify the Architecture
CPU
ProgramMemoryBus
Bus DataMemory
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Memory
• Nonvolatile memory? • Volatile memory?
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Memory
• Nonvolatile memory?– Retains stored
information even when unpowered
– Long-term or persistent storage
• Volatile memory?– Requires constant power
for storage– Information is lost when
the power supply is off or interrupted
– Temporary memory
![Page 10: Lecture 13: Basic Circuit Theory I EEN 112: Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering Professor Eric Rozier, 4/1/13.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e525503460f94b48072/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
What is a Microprocessor?
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What is a Microprocessor?
• Single chip that contains the whole CPU– Fetches, decodes, and executes instructions stored
in memory– Can access memory, I/O, and peripherals
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What is a Microcontroller?
![Page 13: Lecture 13: Basic Circuit Theory I EEN 112: Introduction to Electrical and Computer Engineering Professor Eric Rozier, 4/1/13.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062516/56649e525503460f94b48072/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
What is a Microcontroller?
• Microprocessor + on-chip memories and I/O devices
• “Computer-on-a-chip”– Contains the CPU– Memory– Some I/O and peripherals
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What is an Embedded System?
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What is an Embedded System?
• Special purpose computer system, usually completely inside a device it is designed to control
• Works to help solve specific problems, and perform pre-defined tasks
• Usually contains inputs (sensors), a microcontroller, and outputs (actuators and indicators)
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MIDTERM II
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Midterm II
• Midterm II, this Wednesday!• Covered topics
– Signal Processing (Quiz II, and lectures online)– Microprocessors/Microcontrollers (Quiz III, and
lectures online)– PBASIC Programming (last lecture, online)
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BASIC CIRCUIT THEORY
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Atoms
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Atoms
• Smallest part of an element.
• Nucleus surrounded by “orbiting” electrons– Protons – positive charge– Neutrons – no charge– Electrons – negative
charge
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Electron Configurations
• Electrons move independently in an orbital, an average field wave function
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Electron Configurations
• Arranged in electron shells– Shells contain fixed numbers of electrons
• 1st shell – 2 electrons• 2nd shell – 8 electrons• 3rd shell – 18 electrons• 4th shell – 32 electrons• etc
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Electron Configurations
• 14 protons, 14 neutrons, 14 electrons
• 1st shell – 2/2 electrons• 2nd shell – 8/8 electrons• 3rd shell – 2/18
electrons
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Electron Configurations
• Electrons in the outermost shell are known as valence electrons
• When valence electrons gain sufficient energy, they can break away and become free electrons.– Free electrons can drift from one atom to another– Free electrons make electrical current possible
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Free Electrons
• The number of free electrons in a material allow it to be classified– Conductors
• allow current to flow easily• large numbers of free electrons• Examples: silver, copper, gold
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Free Electrons
• The number of free electrons in a material allow it to be classified– Conductors– Semiconductors
• less free electrons• unique characteristics, basis for modern electronics• Examples: silicon, germanium
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Free Electrons
• The number of free electrons in a material allow it to be classified– Conductors– Semiconductors– Insulators
• very small number of free electrons• poor conductors• Examples: ceramics, rubber, air, dry paper
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Electric Charge (Q)
• Two types of charges, positive and negative• Q – the electrical charge
– Units in Coulombs (C)• One electron has a charge of 1.6*10^(-19) C• In 1 Coluomb there are 6.25*10^18 electrons
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Current
• Rate of flow of electrons through a circuit• Symbol is I, measured in Amperes (or Amps)• The flow of on coulomb/second is one Amp
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Voltage
• Related to potential energy
• Measured between two points– One of those points is “ground”, a reference level
to which all voltages are compared– If a pin is at 5V, it is measured at 5V with respect
to ground
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Resistance
• Voltage and current related by resistance
• When voltage is applied to an electrical system, current begins to flow– Level of current is
determined by resistance of the system
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Types of Resistors
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Resistors• Resistance value in an electrical circuit is given
in Ohms, and represented by R
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Resistors
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Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s Law – The amountof current (I) that will flow isproportional to the voltage(V) applied, and inverselyproportional to theresistance (R) of the circuit
• I = V/RAs resistance increases, current decreases
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Hydraulic Analogy
• Consider the diagram, when the valve is released, what will happen?
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Hydraulic Analogy
• Flow rate (I) dependent on:• (V) pressure of the
tanks• Restriction (R) of
flow from the valve
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Batteries
• Batteries feature surplus electrons on one side, and a deficiency of electrons on the other side (holes)
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Flow of electrons
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Power (P)
• Power measures the rate of energy conversion• For a simple direct current (DC) system, it
measures the rate at which electrical energy is converted into heat by power-dissipating resistive elements
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Power (P)
• Lightbulbs convert electrical energy into heat and light– Unit for electrical power is familiar in this context– The Watt– P = V I
• Using Ohm’s law and the power equation…– P = V I = V^2/R = I^2 R
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WRAP UP
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Wrap Up
• Exam next class• Quiz III corrections due next
Monday