Lecture 13. Clinical studies and Lecture 13. Clinical studies
Lecture 13
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Transcript of Lecture 13
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ELIMINATION REACTIONSELIMINATION REACTIONS
Lecture 13
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ALKYL HALIDES + WEAK BASE ALKYL HALIDES + WEAK BASE (SOLVOLYSIS)(SOLVOLYSIS)
E1
The removal of a β
-hydrogen becomes difficult without a strong base and a different mechanism (ionization) begins to take place
….. if the substrate is capable.
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An E1 reaction exhibits first-order kinetics:
rate = k[(CH3
)3
CI]
The E1 reaction proceed via a two-step mechanism.
The bond to the leaving group breaks first before the π
bond
is formed.
The slow step is unimolecular, involving only the alkyl halide.
Mechanisms of Elimination—E1
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The E1 Elimination Reaction (The E1 Elimination Reaction (two stepstwo steps))
+ :Xslow
fast
B:
C C
+C C
H
C C
H
X
rate = k [RX]
carbocation
unimolecular
Weak base
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The rate of an E1 reaction
increases as the number of R groups
on the carbon with
the leaving group increases.
Mechanisms of Elimination—E1
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REGIOSELECTIVITYREGIOSELECTIVITY
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•
E1 reactions are regioselective, favoring formation of the more substituted, more stable alkene.
•
Zaitsev’s rule
applies to E1 reactions also.
Mechanisms of Elimination—E1
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THE E1cB MECHANISMTHE E1cB MECHANISM
C C
H
XC C
X
C C
B: protonfirst
halogensecond
carbanion
Elimination, unimolecular, of the conjugate base.Carbanion
mechanism
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A regioselective
reaction forms more of one constitutional isomer than the other.
A B + C more ‘B’ is formed than ‘C’, where B and C are constitutional isomers.
A stereoselective
reaction forms more of one stereoisomer than the other.
A B+ C more ‘B’ is formed than ‘C’, where B and C are stereoisomers.
Regioselective
and stereselective
reaction
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A B
C D
‘A’ AND ‘C’ ARE STEREOISOMERS
‘B’ AND ‘D’ ARE STEREOISOMERS
Stereospecific
reaction
In a stereospecific
reaction, each stereoisomeric
reactant forms a different
stereoisomeric
product or a different set of stereoisomeric
products.
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Alkene
synthesis by elimination reactions
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Typical acids used in dehydration are sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid
Primary alcohols are most difficult to dehydrate, tertiary are the easiest.
Rearrangements
of the carbon skeleton can occur
Acid Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols
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The temperature and concentration of acid required to dehydrate depends on the structure of the alcohol
Acid Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols
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Only a catalytic amount
of acid is required since it is regenerated
in the final step of the
reactionThe second step
of the E1 mechanism in
which the carbocation
forms is rate determining
Tertiary alcohols react the fastest because they have the most stable tertiary carbocation
- like transition state in the
second step
Mechanism for Dehydration of Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols: An E1 Reaction
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E1 Mechanism
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Carbocation
Stability and the Transition State
Recall the stability of carbocations
is:
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The relative heights of ΔG‡ for the second step of E1 dehydration indicate that primary alcohols have a prohibitively large energy barrier
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A Mechanism for Dehydration of Primary Alcohols: An E2 Reaction
Primary alcohols cannot undergo E1 dehydration because of the instability of the carbocation-like transition state in the 2nd step.
In the E2 dehydration the first step is again
protonation
of the hydroxyl to yield
the good leaving group water
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E2: Vicinal Dibromides•
Remove Br2
from adjacent carbons.•
Bromines must be anti-coplanar
(E2).
•
Use NaI
in acetone, or Zn in acetic acid.
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E2: Vicinal Dibromides
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•
Secondary or tertiary halides•
Formation of carbocation
intermediate
•
May get rearrangement•
Weak nucleophile
•
Usually have substitution products too.
Removing HX via E1
Dehydrohalogenation
of alkyl halides
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Removing HX via E2•
Strong base abstracts H+
as X-
leaves from
the adjacent carbon.•
Tertiary and hindered secondary alkyl halides give good yields.
•
Use a bulky base if the alkyl halide usually forms substitution products.
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bromocyclohexane Cyclohexene(93%)
Bromocyclohexane, a secondary alkyl halide, can undergo both substitution and elimination
E2 is favored over substitution using bulky base diisopropylamine
Removing HX via E2
H
H
BrH
H
H
+(iPr)2NH, heat
[(CH3)2CH]2NH2Br
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Formation of Hofmann Product
•
Bulky bases abstract the least hindered H+
•
Least substituted alkene
is major product.
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Hofmann Elimination•
A quaternary ammonium salt
has a good
leaving group -
a neutral amine.•
Heating the hydroxide salt produces the least substituted
alkene.
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Hofmann Elimination
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E2 Mechanism
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E2 Mechanism
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Cope Elimination
Amine oxides undergo elimination to form the least substituted alkene under milder conditions than the Hofmann reaction.
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN E1 AND E2E1 AND E2
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E1 formation of carbocation
intermediaterate :tertiary > secondary > primary > methyl
But this same order holds for E2 also.
Structure of substrateStructure of substrate
R-C-XR
RR-C-X
R
HR-C-X
H
H
primary secondary tertiary
tertiary has moreβ
-hydrogens C C
C
C
HH
H
H H
HH H
B r
HEtO-
more opportunitesfor reaction
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E2 mechanism E1 mechanism
strong base weak base
ALKYL HALIDE + BASEALKYL HALIDE + BASE
solvolysis
must be able to make“good” carbocation
or
anti-coplanar requirement
stereospecific not stereospecific
regioselective regioselective
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E1 or E2?•
Tertiary > Secondary
•
Weak base•
Good ionizing solvent
•
Rate = k[halide]•
Zaitsev
product
•
No required geometry
•
Rearranged products
•
Tertiary > Secondary•
Strong base required
•
Solvent polarity not important
•
Rate =
k[halide][base]•
Zaitsev
product
•
Coplanar leaving groups (usually anti)
•
No rearrangements
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Elimination vs. Substitution
SN
2 and E2
favored over SN
1 and E1 by a strong base/Nu
SN
2 is slowed by steric
hindrance, but E2 is not
Stronger bases
favor E2 over SN
2higher temperatures
favor elimination
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SN
2 E2weaker bases stronger bases
less steric
more sterichindrance hindrance
lower temperature higher temperature
Elimination vs. Substitution
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Benzylic
halides undergo substitution reactions without competition from elimination.10
benzyl halides react via SN
2
pathway.
CH2Cl+ CH3O- SN2 condition
CH2OCH3
+ Cl-
Elimination vs. Substitution
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20 and 30
benzyl halides react via SN
1 pathway, without benzylic
rearrangement
CH2ClSN1 condition
CH2+
+ Cl-
CH3OH
+ H+
CH2OCH3
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ClH2O
Na2CO3HO
Rearranged products are possible from Allyl halides
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Br
+ Br-X
R CH CHCl R C CHCl + Cl-X
Vinyl halides and aryl halides do not undergo SN
2 reaction because the nucleophile approaches the backside of sp2 carbon and is
repelled by the π
electron cloud of the double bond or the aromatic ring
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Aryl and vinyl halides do not undergo SN
1 reactions, two reasons:
1. Vinylic
and aryl carbocations
are very unstable
due to positive charge on sp
carbon
atom.2. sp2
carbon atom makes stronger bond
than sp3.
CH
HC
C
H
H H
H
+ 464 kJ
+ 372 kJ
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PhH2
C-X Ph2
HC-X
Ph3
C-XkSN
1 1
1000108
An exceptionally stable cation
triphenylmethyl
cation used to form ether with a primary alcohol by an SN
1 reaction.Ph
ClPhPh
PhPh
Ph
HO R
slow
-Cl-fast
Py
Ph
OPh
PhR
Ph
OPh
Ph
R
fast
H
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Cl
SbF6
Steric
hindrance
from backside of the C-Cl
prohibits SN
2
reaction.Carbenium
ion
produced by SN
1 is not planar, therefore is unstable.
Larger bicyclic
system undergo slow SN
1 at bridged head position.
Apocamphyl
chloride 1-bicyclo[3.2.2]nonyl cation
Apocamphyl
chloride is inert to hydroxide ion
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Substitution or Elimination?
•
Strength of the nucleophile determines order: Strong nucleophile, bimolecular, SN
2 or E2.•
Primary halide usually SN
2.•
Tertiary halide mixture of SN
1, E1 or E2•
High temperature favors elimination.
•
Bulky bases favor elimination.•
Good nucleophiles, but weak bases, favor substitution.