Lecture 12Tense and Aspect (II)

12.1 Uses of present perfective (progressive)

12.2 Uses of past perfective (progressive)

12.3 More on the use of perfective aspect

How many perfective aspect?

The perfective aspect can combine with the two tenses, forming

present perfectiveand past perfective,

which can again combine with the progressive aspect,

resulting in present perfective progressive and past perfective progressive.

12.1 Uses of present perfective

a. Two chief uses:

“unfinished” use

the present result of a past event still operative at the present moment.an action or state extends over a period lasting up to the present moment, possibly extending into the future as well.

“finished” use

I have cleaned my room.

My room is clean and tidy.

Speaker

We have lived in Canada since 1986.

in Canada in Canada in Canada in or out

12.1 Uses of present perfective

a. Two chief uses:

“unfinished” use

the present result of a past event still operative at the present moment.an action or state extends over a period lasting up to the present moment, possibly extending into the future as well.

“finished” use

Difference finished unfinished

adverbial expressing duration × √

b. The difference:

He’s turned off the light. He’s lived here since 1960. Exercise

For …

1. Maya has been a professional singer ________ 1989.

2. So far, it has rained ________ five hours.

3. I haven't been snowboarding ________ last winter.

4.  Jo has been a student here ________ March.

5. The beaver has been an emblem of Canada ________ many years.

Using the Present Perfect Tense: FOR or SINCE ?

SINCE

SINCE

SINCE

FOR

FOR

6. Cougars have almost disappeared from the Victoria area ________ humans settled here.

7. Mary has kept a diary ________ she was ten years old.

8. First Nations people in British Columbia have told stories about the eagle ________ hundreds of years.

9. The Canadian two-dollar coin (or toonie) has been in circulation ________ 1996.

10. They've been married ________ twenty-five years.

Using the Present Perfect Tense: FOR or SINCE ?

SINCE

SINCE

SINCE

FOR

FOR

Using the Present Perfect: Present Perfect or Simple Past?

1. Dolphins ________ in BC waters for millions of years, and are still common today.

2. I ________ my binder yesterday, but my brother found it this morning.

3. The Titanic ________ in 1912.

4. We ________ this TV set since 1968, and it still works!

A. have lived B. lived

A. have lost B. lost

A. has sunk B. sunk

A. have owned B. owned

5. This wine ________ in the cellar for 15 years. When we take it out and open it, it will taste beautiful!

A. has been B. was

6. He ________ when his girlfriend left him, but he's OK now. A. has cried B. cried

7. I ________ some new shorts, but I don't think I like them. Maybe I'll take them back to the store.

A. have bought B. bought

8. I ________ these boots to go hiking yesterday. A. have worn B. wore

Using the Present Perfect: Present Perfect or Simple Past?

Present Perfective vs. Simple Past

A. Did you finished?

A. Who was here while I was out?

A. What have I done to make him so angry?

My chief purpose has been to find out a real solution.My chief purpose was to find out a real solution.

Present Perfective 说明现在 , 强调结果 , 影响Simple Past 只涉及过去 , 与现在无关

1. 如果你已讲完 , 我想接着讲2. 不知我刚才发言时你是否讲完了 B. Have you finished?

B. Who’s been here while I was out?3. 发现有人来过 , 东西被动了 .4. 一般提问5. 认真提出问题 , 且对方仍在生气6. 过去生气 现在则不一定 B. What did I do to make him so angry?

意图决定形式

12.2 Uses of Past Perfective (progressive)

Also “finished” use “unfinished” use

Just time reference back-shifted to a specified past moment.

I say…

Past FutureNow

I’d worked for three hours when he called.

He called.

11:00

10:00

09:0008:0007:00

I worked

I worked

I worked Compare

Past FutureNow

09:0008:0007:00

I worked

I work/I’ m working

I worked

----Why should you have a rest?

----I’ve worked for three hours (I’ve been working for three hours!)

And I say…

----Could I have a rest, boss?

Some special uses:

1. Imaginary use of past perfective

a. In clauses introduced by if, if only, as ifb. In that-clauses following I wish, I’d ratherc. With verbs as expect, think, intend, mean intend, want, suppose

express hypothetical

meanings

a condition not likely to be fulfilled or a state contrary to the past fact

a past wish or intention which was not realized

I wish I had said that I couldn’t come.

I felt as if I had known her all my life.

I had intended to make, but I ran out of time.

12.3 More on the use of perfective aspect

1) Perfective Aspect and since-clause

2) Perfective aspect vs. have got / have got to

3) Perfective aspect in “it is the first time + that-clause”

1) Perfective Aspect and since-clause

1. Since they have lived in London, they have been increasingly happy.2. Since they went to live in London, they have been increasingly happy.

3. Since they lived in London, they have been increasingly happy.

Past FutureNow

Started living in London living in

London A B

Time of speaking

The time span

a. The span of since Pre check

Since-clause can express :

1. 贯穿整个时间跨度的延续性活动2. 从一个具体动作开始的一段时间。

My daughter has written to them frequently since they lived in New York.自从他们离开纽约以来，我女儿经常给他们写信。

Is the translation correct?

Are you right?