Lecture 10　Nutrition of inflammation, immune and allergy

Allergy　 symptom

Cryptomeria pollenCryptomeria pollen

Helminth

Histamine

Serotonin

LeukotrieneObesity cell

Obesity cell

Histamine

Serotonin

Leukotriene

Non-peculiar IgE induced by infection

with parasites

Biochemical change of inflammation

Five signs of inflammation①Pain （ Pottasium etc ） , Flare(Vasodilator② ）

③Swelling （ Effusion ） , Fever④ （ Hypermetabolism ）

⑤Dysfunction

Yasuo KAGAWA. “Core, Molecular biology of the human body”, MARUZEN, 1997, modification of p.222

Bradykinin

T Cell

B Cell

Local irritation

PhysicalChemical

Macrophage

Anti-body

Bacillus

1St step(Circulatory failure and Ocade)

Newborn blood vesselReborn organization

Interleukin 1

Vascular permeability

factor

Hagemanfactor

lymphokine

Tuftsin

Histamine, peptide, serotonin, and Leukotoriene B4

Chemotacticfactor

Collagen,Polysaccharide

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte

hypermetabolism

Celldestruction

Endothelium

Second stage (Moist, Proliferation)

Fibroblast proliferation

SterilizationNeutralizing

Cell destruction

Processing of foreign body

Vasodilator vascular hyperpermeability

Leukocyte migration

etcInfection

Injury

Foodaction

Third stage (Restoration)

Pain

Flare

Fever

Swelling

The first defense line of the infection of the living body is a skin and a mucous membrane

　 In the body, first of all, there are a skin and a mucous membrane as the first defense line. The surface of the skin is kept moderate acid, and the bacillus and the virus are prevented from going into it with the mucous membrane in organs such as the mouth, the throat, the nose, the trachea, lungs, intestines, and genitals. The cell wall of the bacillus is melted and the enzyme of lysozyme that goes out of the mucous membrane such as regarding is defended. Moreover, it secretes viscous liquid from the mucous membrane and the foreign enemy is flushed. And, it is the one that is called activity an immunity system when this first defense line is exceeded. Our body is defended from the bacillus and the virus that this immunity system has gone into it

Union organization is immunity system to do immunity

• The immunity system consists of the lymphatic tissue about the spleens such as white blood corpuscles that circulate to the thymus and the whole body distributed lymph node and marrow and lymphocytes, vermiform appendices, and the intestines tube walls.

• The lymphocyte, the monocyte, the acidophil leukocyte, and saying simply is a heterophilic leucocyte (Both belong to the white blood corpuscle) with the immunity system

• The main cell active by immunity:

• The heterophilic leucocyte: It sterilizes it eating the suppuration bacterium such as staphylococci.

• The acidophil leukocyte: It has the action that ends the allergic reaction. • Macrophage: Vigorous large cell to act food originate in monocyte. • Lymphocyte: 　 There are two kinds (B and T).

• B cell: Working that makes the antibody is done. • T cell: Cell that enters thymus, and receives "Education". • The killer T cell: The cell and the tumor cell that receives the infection of the virus

are destroyed. • The helper T cell: The killer T cell and B cell help the function. • There are Th1, Th2, NK, and a lymphocyte such as suppressors T from the role of

B immune function.

Blood Image

There are many kinds of the arrow of white blood corpuscles in a round red blood corpuscle.

The monocyte becomes a macrophage

Acidophil leukocyte

Multi-nuclear white blood

corpuscle

Monocyte

Basophilic leukocyte

Lymphocyte

Kinds of lymphocyte• B Cell ： product the antibody• T Cell ： Killer T cell and Helper T cell• Th1 Cell ： Activate Killer T cell 、 NK cell 、 macrophag

e etc.• Th2 Cell ： Activate B cell and promote to product

anti-body 　　• Suppresser T cell ： Control immunity and order a

ttacking stop 　　　• NK cell ： The cell and the tumor cell that catches the wo

g as well as the killer T cell are destroyed. A point different from the killer T cell is a leading part of immunity in the inherent provision with this character

Differentiation of lymphocyte and immune response with B cell and T cell

B Cell

T Cell

T Cell

AIDS Virus

B cell

Suppresser)

Macrophage

ActivateB cell

Blood plasma cell

Maturity control

Helper

Interleukin 2

Killer

promote

Pre

Mucosal immunity

Marrow

Destruction of dissimilar cell

Promoting

Ag antigen

Humoral Immunity

(B)

Ma

ture

pro

mo

ting

Thymus

Intestine

DelayedAllergy

response

CellMediatedImmunity

(T)

Obstration

Lymphocyte

Stem cell

Yasuo KAGAWA. “Core, Molecular biology of the human body”, MARUZEN, 1997, p.225

　 IgM IgD IgG IgA IgE

Ｈ chain μ δ γ α ε

Ｌ chain Κ or λ

Number of units in dimer is assumed to be one

５ １ １ １ or ２ １

Ratio in all Ig 10 <1 75 15 <1

Half-life (day) ５ ３ 25 ２ ６Complement activation +++ － ++ － －

Uniting with englobement cell － － + － －

Uniting with gemastete cell － － － － +

　 IgM is an antibody where immune reaction appears first. IgG appears as follows

Kind, structure, and function of antibody=immunoglobulin

Antigen uniting part

The part written C is a common structure. The point written V is peculiar in each antigen different structure, and one antibody unites only with one decided antigen. H is H chain (big peptide) L is L chain. (small peptide)

“Solid protein structural data base”.Available from <http://pdbj.protein.osaka-u.ac.jp/> (accessed 2007-11-06)

The structure of the antibody:Antigens are united in Y character type and the point

Only B cell (B2 of figure) that makes the antibody that reacts with a specific antigen proliferates and it increases production of the

antibody. Selection theory of clone (descendant cell of one cell)

Precursor cellThe precursor cell differentiates

into millions of clones

It encounters the antigen that agrees with the surface receptor of the b2 clone

The b2 clone proliferates, it matures, and the

antibody with the same uniting part as the surface

receptor is discharged

Various stopsB cell clone

B cell consists monoclone.

Secret anti-body

Secreted anti-body

There are two kinds of immunities. The humoral immunity is an antibody, and the cell immunity destroys the pathogen by T cell

Pethogen

Virus

T Cell Killer T Cell

VirusB Cell

Bacillus

Mold

Humoral immunity

Dissolution

Helper T Cell

Lymphokine

Cell infected by virus

Secretion of antibody

Uniting

Cell immunity

Heterologous protein

To killer T cell

(mature)

Blood plasma cell

To blood Plasma cell

(mature)

Differentiation into T cell and B cell of lymphocyte

Hematopoietic stem cell (Mammals)

Marrow lymphocyte

Hematopoietic tissue

T cell

BirdsBirds

Hymopoiesis

Thymus

Bursa of Fabricius

(Only birds)

Intracapsularlymphocyte

(bird

s)

B cell

Antigen

Antibodyresponse

CellularImmune

response

Primary lymphoid organsRepresent yellow

Second lymphoid organs

Lymph node, 　 Spleen 　 etc.

Abnormality of immunity system ：Depression and hyperactivity

» Abnormality of the immunity system greatly divides into two

• It becomes easy to become the infectious disease and cancer when one is a decrease in the immune function, and it decreases 　

• Another is hyperactivity, and when immunity works too much, the allergy (hay fever etc) and autoimmune diseases (rheumatism etc.) easily will be occured

The symptom of the allergic reaction appears to a lot of internal organs of the whole body

Headaches, Dizziness

Heatness, Shock

Blood urine, Protein urine

Inflammation and eye mistConjunctivitis

Bronchial asthma such as coughs and breathing difficulties

and allergy coryzas such as runny noses and sneezes

Stomachache, vomiting, and diarrhea that it swells in lip, tongue, and mouth,

and it becomes itchy in mouth, etc

Atopic dermatitis hives, itchy, and

eczema)

Eye

Digestive organs

Skin

Urinaryorgans

Nervesystem

Whole body

Respiratoryorgans

Symptom of allergy to food

　①　 Skin mucous membrane symptom 　

　②　 Digestive organs 　 symptom 　

　③　 Respiratory organ 　 symptom 　

　④　 Anaphylaxis shock

Cough, Sniffles, and Sneeze

Stomachache, diarrhea, and vomiting

Itchy, autumn tint, hives, and eczema

Tired out, pulsus frequens, decreased blood pressure, and consciousness disorder

What’s allergy to food

Mechanism of immunity

food

symptom

Element of foods

Immunocyte

II 型：アナフィラキシ型：アナフィラキシー型ー型

Mechanism of allergy to food

food

Ⅰ type : Anaphylaxis type

Allergen

HistamineRoicotorien

Mast (obesity) cell

anti body

Immediate allergic reaction

Mast cell

Mast cell

Allergy symptom

Allergy appearance and IgE antibody

Cryptomeria pollen

Cryptomeria pollen

Histamine

Serotonin

LeukotrieneLeukotriene

Serotonin

Histamine

Parasite

Non-peculiar IgE induced by infection

with parasites

Infant food allergen Adult food allergen

Ratio including allergen

Egg

Milk

Lobster, Crab

Seafood

Fruit

The Ministry of Health and Welfare food allergic task forceModification from 1997 reports

3 7 11 14 Adult 3 7 11 14 Adult244 410 350 244 189 244 410 350 244 189

What’s “Allergy march”

Food (egg, milk ,etc)

Tick, Housedust

Allergy to food

Allergy coryza

Atopic dermatitis

Bronchial asthma

Baby

Infant

Child

AdultPollenMold

IgE antibody

It executed it based on the data of about 3.36 million people extracted from the kindergarten in the whole country and the checkup result of elementary schools, junior high schools and high schools.

Asthma is 2.4 time ten years ago 2.4%(1.0%1996 year) in the kindergarten 3.8%(1.6%) in the elementary school 3.0%(1.5%) in the junior high school 1.7%(0.8%) in the kindergarten in the high school. Six years old decreases in the age and the following have decreased highest with 4.2%. Atopic dermatitis has become aggravated as one person in ten of one-years old halves is hanging in the investigation that the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare research group executed in 02. The one with doctor's opinion since this time was totaled. It is 3.8%, and 3.6% in the elementary school in the kindergarten. 2.8% in junior high school and 2.2% in high school

The number of asthma children doubles in ten years　（ The Ministry of Education,School health statistics 2006)

The helminth is infected and to prevent it, it examined seriously

Hygiene theory:The except bacterium goods are allergic causes at safety and a long term in a short term

An increase in allergic disease and a decrease of helminth

Rate o

f infectio

us (%

)

HelminthAllergy coryzaAtopic dermatitisBronchial asthma

Diagnosis of allergy to food

Hearing to case history(Symptom, eating habits, environmental factor, and family medical history)

Observation of examination and symptom

Allergy examination

IgE CAP-RAST examinationHistamine separation reactionSkin examination

Food removal examinationFood load examination

Food label system including allergen

Ear shell, squid, and salmon roe, lobster, orange, crab, kiwi fruit, beef, walnut, salmon, mackerel, soybean, chicken, pork, matsutake mushroom, peach, yam, and apple and gelatin

Specific material that encourages display

Specific material that provides by Act of Parliament

① 　 Egg ② 　 Milk or Dairy products ③ 　Ｗｈｅａｔ④ 　Ｂｕｃｋｗｈｅａｔ　⑤　Ｐｅａｎｕｔｓ

The main allergen substitution food

Milk

Wheat

Egg

Soy

Allergen

Canadian moisture TotitiVarious foods for milk allergy

Low allergy wheat, Rice powder, StarchVarious foods for wheat allergy

Mayonnaise pulled our egg, Various food for egg allergy, Water is added to starch and flour and clothes of the fly are substituted

Various foods for soybean allergyColza oil

Alternative food

Subject in 2004: Food in the futureTrend & innovation section

POSIFood=point of sale individualized food= 　 Food Tararmaded in counter

Nutrition science and processing and sales system Individual

nourishment, preference, beauty, and life target

Tailor housemaid food "yumeminori“ development for allergy to food

Removal method without reducing agent of removal by gene change of α subunit of allergen and GlymBd28K and GlymBd30K

The allergy is for the individual.

The research has succeeded in the β Ractogrobrin milk, wheat, and t

he egg, etc 。

Allergic removal processing

Normal soybean Yumeminori

Main allergen protein

Reductant cutting S-S unitingIs needed

Reductant is not needed

Soybean protein isolate

Rate of elimination

Yasuo KAGAWA, “Nutrient gene in the daily life”, 『 Nutrition and cooking 』 , 72(4), 2006.4 p.166-8

A fault and a low sulfur amino acid of the soybean protein are solved by a new kind. Achievement of substitution and tailor-made foods of milk and egg allergy

Yasuo KAGAWA, “Nutrient gene in the daily life”, 『 Nutrition and cooking 』 , 72(4), 2006.4 p.166-8

Methionine

Cystine

Yumeminori Tachiyutaka Chizukadaizu

Name of kind and system

Incl

ud

ing

am

ou

nt

(mg

/g p

rote

in)

Substitutional food for allergy

Electron

Atomic nucleus

A free radical is reactive with other materials

The active oxygen is a compound of reactive oxygen. There are polyphenol of the red wine, catechin of tea, vitamin C, and vitamin E in Anti Oxidant Biofactor that prevents the active oxygen from damaging the human body

Unpaired electron

Single paragraph enzyme

Hydrogen peroxide

Hydroxy radical

酸素 酸素

酸素

酸素 酸素

酸素 酸素

水素

水素 水素

Superoxide anion

Unpaired electron

Unpaired electron

Atomic nucleus

Atomic nucleus

Enzyme Enzyme

Enzyme Enzyme

Enzyme

Enzyme Enzyme

Hydrogen Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Active oxygen

Inflammatory reaction

Exercise

Appropriate nutrition

Cardiac infarction

The monocyte goes into the tallow that grew fat, and it is a macrophage and an inflammation

Folic acid lack→High homocysteine blood

Monocyte

Macrophage

Non-esterified fatty acid

Expansionadypocyte

moist

Activation

Obesity

Chemotaxisincrease

Monocyte chemoattractant protein Tumor necrosis

factor

The active oxygen forms not only 8OHdG but also oxidation LDLThe active oxygen forms not only 8OHdG but also oxidation LDL

Active oxygen

Blood vessel Blood vessel

Participation LDL relations to arteriosclerosis generation

Arteriosclerosis →Clot formation

Oxidation LDL accumulates in the blood vessel

Macrophage

Oxidation

Oxidation

Oxidation