Lecture Lecture 1. 1. ThemeTheme:: Ukraine from Ukraine from the earliest times till the middle of the earliest times till the middle of the 17the 17thth century. century.

Plan:Plan:• Early historyEarly history

• Kyivan Rus’Kyivan Rus’

• Period of Lithuanian and Polish rulePeriod of Lithuanian and Polish rule

Map of UkraineMap of Ukraine

Early HistoryEarly History

1.1. Human settlement in the territory of Ukraine Human settlement in the territory of Ukraine dates back to at least 4500 BCdates back to at least 4500 BC

2.2. There were numerous tribes in Ukraine, some There were numerous tribes in Ukraine, some nomadic, some agricultural; most of the time at nomadic, some agricultural; most of the time at war with each otherwar with each other

3.3. The oldest known main inhabitants of Ukraine The oldest known main inhabitants of Ukraine were Cimmerianswere Cimmerians

4.4. Cimmerians were replaced in 5th century BC by Cimmerians were replaced in 5th century BC by Scythians, who ruled till 2nd century BCScythians, who ruled till 2nd century BC

5.5. About 370 AD, the first Asian horde of HunsAbout 370 AD, the first Asian horde of Huns expelled Goths from Ukraineexpelled Goths from Ukraine

6.6. According to legends, Kyiv was founded in the 5th According to legends, Kyiv was founded in the 5th century by three brothers Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv century by three brothers Kiy, Shchek and Khoriv and their sister Lebidand their sister Lebid

Kyivan Rus’Kyivan Rus’

In the In the 9th century, Kiev was conquered by the , Kiev was conquered by the Varangian noble Ole noble Oleh who h who was was thethe ruler of the Rus ruler of the Rus from from 882 to to 912

OlehOleh mov moveded the capital of the capital of Rus from from NovgorodNovgorod to to Kiev and laid the foundation for the powerful state and laid the foundation for the powerful state of of Kievan Rus

Prince Prince IIhor followed hor followed Oleh (912-945)Oleh (912-945) After IAfter Ihhor's death, or's death, his wife Olhahis wife Olha ruled ruled Kievan Rus

as regent (as regent (945-c. -c. 963) for their son, ) for their son, Svyatoslav OlOlhha changed the system of tribute gathering a changed the system of tribute gathering

what may be regarded as the first legal reform what may be regarded as the first legal reform recorded in Eastern Europerecorded in Eastern Europe

OlhaOlha was the first Rus ruler to convert to was the first Rus ruler to convert to Christianity

Golden Age of KGolden Age of Kyyiviv•Volodymyr the GreatVolodymyr the Great (980-1015) (980-1015) adopted adopted Christianity in 988 Christianity in 988

•Volodymyr fortifVolodymyr fortifiedied Kyiv against Pecheneg Kyiv against Pechenegss

•Yaroslav the Yaroslav the WiseWise became one of the most became one of the most powerful rulers in Europepowerful rulers in Europe

•A church hierarchy was established, headed by the A church hierarchy was established, headed by the metropolitan of Kyivmetropolitan of Kyiv

•Yaroslav promoted family ties with other kingdoms, Yaroslav promoted family ties with other kingdoms, built many churches, improved Kyiv's fortifications, built many churches, improved Kyiv's fortifications, introduced laws and established courtsintroduced laws and established courts

•To celebrate his victory over the To celebrate his victory over the PechenegsPechenegs he he sponsored the construction of the sponsored the construction of the Saint Sophia Saint Sophia CathedralCathedral in 1037 in 1037

•Yaroslav was a notable patron of book culture and Yaroslav was a notable patron of book culture and learninglearning

Galicia-VolhyniaGalicia-VolhyniaYaroslavYaroslav divided the country between his sons, who divided the country between his sons, who after his death in 1054, started to fight among after his death in 1054, started to fight among themselvesthemselves..This resulted in a number of small This resulted in a number of small principalities which fought each otherprincipalities which fought each other.. Western parts of Ukraine - Halych (Galicia) and Western parts of Ukraine - Halych (Galicia) and Volynj (Volhynia)Volynj (Volhynia) - - gradually emerged as leading gradually emerged as leading principalitiesprincipalitiesPrince Danylo founded city Lviv in 1250 as a Prince Danylo founded city Lviv in 1250 as a defense site against Tatarsdefense site against TatarsIn 1253 he accepted the royal crown from the pope In 1253 he accepted the royal crown from the pope In 1349, Polish king Kazimyezh managed to occupy In 1349, Polish king Kazimyezh managed to occupy Halych and part of Volynj. Halych and part of Volynj. In 1360 In 1360 the Prince of Kyiv was overthrownthe Prince of Kyiv was overthrown. . Ukraine Ukraine was partitioned between Poland and Lithuania was partitioned between Poland and Lithuania

PERIOD OF LITHUANIAN AND PERIOD OF LITHUANIAN AND POLISH RULE (1360-1599).POLISH RULE (1360-1599).

In 1413 a decision was made to allow only Catholics In 1413 a decision was made to allow only Catholics to occupy important government positionsto occupy important government positions.. Wide- Wide-spread discrimination against the Orthodox population spread discrimination against the Orthodox population followed.followed.To defend themselves from the Tatars, To defend themselves from the Tatars, peoplepeople constructed forts called "Sitch”constructed forts called "Sitch”In 1569, with the Union of Lublin, the Polish-In 1569, with the Union of Lublin, the Polish-Lithuanian CommonwealthLithuanian Commonwealth was made was made. Most of Ukraine . Most of Ukraine became part of Polandbecame part of PolandPeasants lost their land ownership and civil rights Peasants lost their land ownership and civil rights and gradually became serfs, exploited as manpower and gradually became serfs, exploited as manpower in agriculture and forestry in agriculture and forestry TThere was a modest revival of Ukrainian culture later here was a modest revival of Ukrainian culture later in 16th century. Church schools and seminaries were in 16th century. Church schools and seminaries were set upset up

PERIOD OF LITHUANIAN AND PERIOD OF LITHUANIAN AND POLISH RULE (1360-1599).POLISH RULE (1360-1599).

Such a situation was the main cause, which Such a situation was the main cause, which multiplied the influx of people to Cossack territory, multiplied the influx of people to Cossack territory, increasing the Cossack’s strength. increasing the Cossack’s strength. Over three centuries of Lithuanian and Polish rule, Over three centuries of Lithuanian and Polish rule, Ukraine by the middle of the 17th century had Ukraine by the middle of the 17th century had undergone substantial social evolutionundergone substantial social evolutionSince the 13th century many Poles, Armenians, Since the 13th century many Poles, Armenians, Germans, and Jews had settled in the cities and Germans, and Jews had settled in the cities and towns, where the Ukrainians were often reduced to a towns, where the Ukrainians were often reduced to a minorityminorityTThe Union of Brest-Litovsk caused a deep split in the he Union of Brest-Litovsk caused a deep split in the Ruthenian church and societyRuthenian church and society

ReferencesReferences : :

• 1. 1. SubtelnySubtelny, Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: , Orest. Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1988).University of Toronto Press (1988).

• 2. 2. Andrew WilsonAndrew Wilson. The Ukrainians: Unexpected . The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002).Nation. Yale University Press; 2nd edition (2002).

• 3. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the 3. Anna Reid. Borderland: A Journey Through the History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th History of Ukraine. London, Orion Books; 4th impression (1998, preface 2003).impression (1998, preface 2003).

• 4. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. 4. Paul Robert Magocsi. A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996).Toronto: University of Toronto Press (1996).

• 5. 5. Mykhailo HrushevskyMykhailo Hrushevsky. History of Ukraine-Rus’ in . History of Ukraine-Rus’ in 9 volumes.9 volumes.