Lecture 1 Pathology

8/8/2019 Lecture 1 Pathology

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It is the study of diseases by scientific methods , and basically it

really describes the individual reaction of injury and its effect in

the body , so when you have an injury in the body however what isthe type of deficiency , you will have responses in the body , they

change from the normal Physiology to an abnormal Physiology .

And in this case , what you will be studying is the abnormal

correlated to the normal , and this is recognized by both the

structural and functional changes .The structural changes : you look at the changes in the cells , and

in some cases it may involve electron microscopic deficiency . And

also , you will study some of the changes like Biochemical changes

and Hematological changes , happening once alone or happening

together , all of this is called Phathophysiology because it is an

abnormal Physiological . The result of this injury it could be

compensated , decompensated or it could be Death . Compensated :the patient will recover and the case will be well , or partially

recovering with residual disfunction or being die .

All of this means , that Phathological studying will be described to

clinical practice .

We in the hospital when receive a sample from a patient , we

usually study tissues , and get up with the results , and based on

this diagnosis the finishing will be a Surgery or medication or

together . So , it is a link to the clinical theory .


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Clinical pathology : It deals with clinical Chemistry , Biochemistry ,Hematology , Microbiology , Immunology and Genetics .

Now ,

- Clinical chemistry : deals with sugar , lipids .

- Immunology : deals with Hemoglobin , Nutrophiles and so on , and

by the level of these component we can know the causes of the

diseases .

- Microbiology : deals with bacteria , viruses , fungi and so on .

Now about general pathology : It studies mechanism & the

characteristics of principle types of disease processes for

example cell injury inflammation and neoplasia

Then in the systemic pathology : it is more discussed in a

clinical form , for example if we talk about cell inflammation and

take for example the respiratory system , we study lung abscess

and we will see what abscess looks like , this is in the tissues , you

will see what Pneumonia looks like which is infection in the lung.


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Breast cancer its an example of neoplasia (neoplasia come

from new and plasia which mean new so its a new tissue or what we

call it tumor. (

Steps in study of diseases

Epidemiological is a disease in a community , for example if you

take the TB (Tuberculosis) , you know that the TB occurs in a

certain community , frequently they are poor and so an it might

occur in Al-Ramtha and dont occur in Amman because they have a

different kind of food water and this is what we call it

Epidemiology.

*Etiology is identifying cause of disease.

Some diseases called intrinsic inter body not from outside & this is

usually genetic for example hemophilia , its a genetic disease.

Some diseases called extrinsic come from outside could be

anything its acquired from wounds , foods mainly anything

outside.

Now sometimes you dont have any identify of the cause of the

disease , we call it idiopathic , you dont know the cause of this

disease . For example : cancer!! .

Pathogenesis : Its name from - patho. Which means pathology -

genesis. Means the production of pathology , how the pathology is

produced.


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It is (Pathogenesis ) : Sequence of events in the response of cells&

tissues to the etiological agent, from the initial stimulus to the

final expression of disease. This response can be studied

morphologically, biochemical, immunologically or at molecular level.

Steps in study diseases :

- Epidemiological aspects - Etiology

- Pathogenesis -

Complications & sequelae- Treatment -

Prognosis

* Epidemiology : is the study of diseases in populations

of humans or other animals, specifically how, when and

where they occur.

* Etiology : Its the Identifiable cause of disease , and

its can be divided to :- Intrinsic ( genetic ) : and its belong to the body

only . - Extrinsic : acquired

from the environment

- Idiopathic : the cause is UNKNOWN .

* Pathogenesis : Sequence of events in the response of

cells& tissues to the etiological agent, from the initial

stimulus to the final expression of disease. Thisresponse can be studied morphologically, biochemical,

immunologically or at molecular level.

The Pathological & clinical features including

biochemical tests, and the radiological findings should


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INTEGRATE ALL INFORMATION so u can know the

diagnosis .

- You think about the Complications & Sequelae, and its

the events during the disease process that may impairfull recovery which mean what may happen later .

- Treatment

- Prognosis : mean a forecast as to the probable result

of an attack of disease and the prospect of recovery, and

its describe the likely outcome of an illness .

To aid in diagnosis , study morphology :* We get Samples for study, include cells, biopsy or

whole organ :

- Gross or macroscopic appearance .

- Histological or microscopic appearance .

- Electron microscopy or ultra structure .

* Genetic & molecular methods may aid diagnosis .

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And here we have a sample case which may be a

little interesting, and this is what u get in the clinical

lab :


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- A 60 year old woman with a lump in the neck of 6

months duration. - Patient has fever &

raised BMR* ( ESR ) .

- On examination she also had enlarged inguinal lymphnodes. - Further investigations

were within normal

* [ Note : BMR ( basal metabolic rate )(

( : its the sedimentation rate of blood and itindicate the disease which raised BMR indicate that

there is something wrong and indicate to disease ] .

- Biopsy was taken by a needle , ( i.e. ) tissue removedfor microscopic examination

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Here is the work :

*Genetic Studies : Translocation t 18: 14 .

( 1 of students ask the doctor about this numbers and

she said that this indicate an abnormality and we will dealwith this in future ) .

*Diagnosis : Follicular Lymphoma .

* Treatment : Chemotherapy .

* Prognosis : Good

!! Therefore : PATHOLOGY AIDS IN DIAGNOSIS &

MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE PROCESSES .

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And now we talk about CELL

INJURIES , and this is the topic outline :


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- Causes of cell injury . -

Types of Injury .

- Principles & Mechanisms of cell injury . -

Morphology . - Outcome : ?Reversible ? Irreversible . -

Adaptation to Injury .

- Patterns & types of Cell Death . -

Process of Aging .

Cellular Injury & Adaptation :

Normal cell is in a steady dynamic state

Homeostasis : The ability or tendency of an organism

or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its

physiological processes . * It is [

Dynamic steady state ] .

Cells are constantly exposed to

stresses :

- Normal physiologic stress .

- Severe stresses: injury results, and alters the

normal steady state of the cell , consequently .

- It can survive in a damaged state and adapt to the

injury ... (Reversible injury or

adaptation)

- It can die ( Irreversible injury or cell death) .


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Causes of Cell Injury :

- Hypoxia and ischemia - Freeradicals

- Chemical agents -

Physical agents

- Infections -

Immunological reactions

- Genetic defects

-Nutritional defects- Aging

Sorry if there is any mistake

Thanks to my friends


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Done by : Deeb Zahran

Lecture 1 Pathology

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Transcript of Lecture 1 Pathology