Lecture 1. Introduction to Biotechnology

8/13/2019 Lecture 1. Introduction to Biotechnology

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AN INTRODUCTION

MBB1 Course

Lecture 1

Arnold V. Hallare, Ph.DDepartment of Biology, CAS

UP Manila


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What is biotechnology?

History of biotechnology

Whos who in biotechnology?


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Although it seems like a new thing, biotechnology has actually

been around for a while:

Domesticated plants and animals and selective breeding

Using yeast to make bread rise Using bacteria or yeast to ferment grapes into wine


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Other Examples:

Selective Breeding of specific varieties of plants andanimals

(more nutritious, disease-resistance, better taste, higheryield!)

Artificial insemination Use of antibiotics to kill harmful organisms


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BIOthe use of biological organisms orprocesses

TECHNOLOGYto make useful products

or to solve problems

BIOTECHNOLOGY

- the use of living organisms to enhanceour lives and our environment (Barnum,2005)


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What isBiotechnology?

Any technological application that uses

biological systems, or derivatives thereof, to

make or modify products for specific use

(The UN Convention on Biological Diversity)


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Using scientific processes to get neworganisms or new products from

organisms.

Biotechnology is the manipulation of

living organisms and organic material

to serve human needs.


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Involves many disciplines or branches of

learning

Includes all areas of life sciences Modern biotechnology has been impacted

by developments in the fields of biology,

chemistry, genetics and microbiology and

also incorporates techniques in physicsand mathematics.


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Biotechnology affects agriculture and food safety,

healthcare, law enforcement and environmentalissues

GMOs are consumed by millions of people! Almostevery crops sold in the market are geneticallymodified! (soybean (>80%), corn (>38%), cotton(>70%), apple, bananas, etc)

Many drugs to be sold in the market are products of

genetic engineering


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ecent advances in biotechnology arehelping us prepare for and meetsocietys most pressing challenges

Biotech is helping to heal the world by harnessing nature's own toolboxand using our own genetic makeup to heal and guide lines of researchby:

Reducing rates of infectious disease;Saving millions of children's lives;

Changing the odds of serious, life-threatening conditionsTailoring treatments to individuals to minimize health risks andside effects;

Creating more precise tools for disease detection; andCombating serious illnesses and everyday threats confronting

the developing world.

HEAL THE WORLD


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` Biotech improves crop insect resistance, enhances crop herbicidetolerance and facilitates the use of more environmentally sustainable

farming practices. Biotech is helping to feed the world by:

Generating higher crop yields with fewer inputs;

Lowering volumes of agricultural chemicals required by crops-

limiting the run-off of these products into the environment;

Using biotech crops that need fewer applications of pesticides and t

hat allow farmers to reduce tilling farmland;

Developing crops with enhanced nutrition profiles that solve vitamin

and nutrient deficiencies;

Producing foods free of allergens and toxins such as mycotoxin; andImproving food and crop oil content to help improve cardiovascular

health.

FEED THE WORLD
http://www.bio.org/articles/what-biotechnolo


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Biotech uses biological processes such as fermentation and harnessesbiocatalysts such as enzymes, yeast, and other microbes to becomemicroscopic manufacturing plants. Biotech is helping to fuel the world by:

Streamlining the steps in chemical manufacturing processes by 80% ormore;

Lowering the temperature for cleaning clothes and potentially saving $4.1billion annually;

Improving manufacturing process efficiency to save 50% or more onoperating costs;

Reducing use of and reliance on petrochemicals;Using biofuels to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 52% or more;

Decreasing water usage and waste generation; and

Tapping into the full potential of traditional biomass waste products.


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500 B.C.E.First antibiotic: Moldy soybean curds

(tofu) used to treat boils (China).

Combinations of plant and other organisms were used as medications

in early civilizations


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100 C.E.

First insecticide:

powderedchrysanthemums

(China)


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1797First vaccination

Edward Jenner takes pusfrom a cowpox lesion,

inserts it

into an incisionon a boy's arm.


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1830-1833

1830 Proteins are discovered.

1833 First enzyme isdiscovered and isolated.

Model of a 5-peptide protein.


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DNA was discovered in white blood cellsfrom pus by German Friedrich Miescher at

University of Tuebingen, Germany.


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1915

Phages

virusesthat only infect bacteriaare discovered.


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The word biotechnologyis first used by aHungarian agricultural engineer (Karl Ereky)


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1927

Herman Muller discovers

that radiation causesdefects in chromosomes.


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1928Sir Alexander Fleming discoversthe antibiotic penicillin by chance

when he realizes thatPenicilliummold killsbacteria.

He shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Ernst Boris Chainand Sir Howard Walter Florey.


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Widespread work is undertaken to investigatethe structure and function of DNA


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1953James Watson

and Francis Crick describe

the double helical

structure of DNA. They shared

the 1962 Nobel Prize in

Medicine or Physiology with

Maurice Wilkins.


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They shared

the 1962 Nobel Prize in

Medicine or Physiologywith

Maurice Wilkins.


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1955The amino acid sequenceof insulin is discovered byFrederick Sanger.

1982 Human insulin

produced in geneticallymodified bacteria is the firstbiotech drug approved by theFDA.

3D model of insulin


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1958

DNA is made in a test tube for the first time.

Sickle cell disease is

shown to occur due to a

change in one amino acid.


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Nobel Prize in Physiology or

Medicinein 1968

Har Gobind Khorana & Robert Holley
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine


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1972 Stanford University scientist

who first developedrecombinant DNAtechnology a method forinsertion of genetic materialfrom one organism intoanother.


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1975Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein

develop the technology to produce

monoclonal antibodieshighly specific,purified antibodies derived from only

one clone of cells that recognize

only one antigen. They shared the

1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology or

Medicine with Neils Jerne.


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The U.S. SupremeCourt approves thepatenting of

genetically alteredorganisms.


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1981The first transgenic animalsare produced bytransferring genes from

other animals into mice.

The first patent for a

genetically modified organismis grantedfor bacteria that canbreak down crude oil.


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1983The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique,

which makes unlimited copies of genes and

gene fragments, is conceived.

Kary Mullis, who was born in Lenoir, N.C.,

wins the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistryfor the discovery. He became interested

in science as a child when he received

a chemistry set for Christmas.


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1986

First recombinant vaccine is approved

for human use: hepatitis B.

First anti-cancer drug is producedthrough biotech: interferon.


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First transgenic organisms (GMOs) areintroduced in widespread agriculturalproduction, particularly in the area of crops.

Bt corn and soybeans are introduced offeringnaturalinsect resistance by the introduction of agene from the bacterium Baccillus thuringensis


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1998Human embryonic stem cell lines are established.

They offer hope to manybecause they may be

able to replace diseased

or dysfunctional cells.


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Human cloning isoutlawed in theU.S. and the first

concerns over theuse of human stemcells in researchbegin to arise.


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USA, Singapore, Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Japan, China, India

Lecture 1. Introduction to Biotechnology

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