Lecture 1: Introduction

AVIATION HISTORY

By Zuliana Ismail, 2010

Lesson Timeline AVH 1103 – Aviation History (Sem 3 March – Mei,

2010)

30 Credit hours per semesterSemester Timeline

Week 1-6: Lecture Week 7&8: Mid term test & public Speaking

Week 9-15: Lecture Week 16: Study Week Week 17: Final Exam

Results

Attendance: 10%Mid Term Test: 10%Public Speaking: 10%Assignment: 15%Final Exam: 60%TOTAL: 100%

Standard Grading Scale for University/College

Mark Grade Grade Points

(80–100) A 4.00

(75-79) A- 3.67

(70-74) B+ 3.33

(65-69) B 3.00

(60-64) B- 2.67

(55-59) C+ 2.33

(50-54) C 2.00

(45-49) C- 1.33

(40-44) D 1.00

(0-39) F 0.00

GPA Calculation

Credit Hours Grade Grade Points

3 B (3.00) 9.00

3 B (3.00) 9.00

4 B (3.00) 12.00

4 B (3.00) 12.00

Total Cr Hrs: 14 GPA 42/14=3.00

References

Lecturer slides and notes (will be distributed through email)

Books AMC Text Book Flight: 100 Years of Aviation (AMC

Library) Internet:Suggested Websites:http://www.century-of-flight.net/

http://www.ueet.nasa.gov/StudentSite/

AVH Course Outlines

Chapter 1: The early attempt to fly Chapter 2: Early Aviation Chapter 3: Theory of Flight Chapter 4: Flight Instruments Chapter 5: Flight Environments Chapter 6: Military Aviation Chapter 7: Commercial Aviation

(Airliners) Chapter 8: Space Exploration

Aviation Timeline

9

INTRODUCTION TO AVIATION

What is Aviation ??

What is Aviation ??

By definition, aviation is the design, manufacture, use, or operation of aircraft - in which the term aircraft refers

to any vehicle capable of flight.

Aircraft Categories

Heavier than Air (HTA)-Airplane A landplane is the airplane

that can operate only on land surface

A seaplane is a fixed-wing aircraft which can only take off and landing on water.

An amphibian is an aircraft that can take off and land on either land or water.

Heavier than Air (HTA)-Helicopter/Gyrocopter & Glider

Lighter-Than-Air(LTA)

Lighter-than-air vs. Heavier-than-air

Aircraft can either be lighter-than-air or heavier-than-air.

Lighter-than-air craft including balloons and airships

Heavier-than-air craft including airplanes, gliders, helicopters.

Heavier-Than-Air(HTA)

LIFT is produced by a reaction between wings and motion through the air

Three categories of HTA aircraft are Airplane, Helicopter and Glider.

An AIRPLANE is a heavier-than-air craft that is PROPELLED BY AN ENGINE and uses FIXED WINGS TO GENERATE LIFT.

A HELICOPTER also PROPELLED BY AN ENGINE but uses ROTATING WINGS(BLADES) TO GENERATE LIFT.

A GLIDER is a heavier-than-air craft that is NOT SUPPORTED BY ENGINE POWER. Its propulsion through the air is derived from GRAVITY & AERODYNAMIC FORCES.

Lighter-Than-Air(LTA)

LIFTING CAPABILITIES depends on being inflated (or expand) with a gas that is lighter than the air in which it is supported.

For example, BALLOONS and AIRSHIPS. Their structure when filled with a sufficient

volume of gas lighter than air (heated air, hydrogen, or helium), displaces the surrounding ambient air and make it floats.

Balloons usually very large, and they were capable of relatively high speeds.

The Early Attempts to Fly

Introduction

For centuries, man has dreamed of flying and soaring like an Eagle high above the world below. Men starting

imagined how it must be to take to the air.

That dream and imagination is now reality.

In a short one hundred years, aviation technology was transformed from the often unreliable wooden, cloth-covered biplanes to supersonic jets and international

airliners. What was it that provoked such rapid progress?

First Attempts Legends of flight attempts date to 2000 B.C.

Many believed flying was for the mythical gods Others tried to copy bird flight-unsuccessfully

Chinese invented kites about 1000 B.C. Leonardo da Vinci, 15th century Italian artist

First recorded scientific study of aeronautics Experimented to prove feasibility of mechanical

flight Drew sketches and plans to construct flying

machines

First Attempts, 1500 Leonardo da Vinci, scientist, architect,

painter…. In 1500 he gathered data on the flight of

birds ..and then drawings of flying machines with flapping wings.

Finally, by copying the wings of a bird Da Vinci invented the “Flapping-Wing Aircraft” to enable human to fly.

Critical Thinking

However, all attempts to fly using this type of machine failed. WHY HUMAN CAN’T

FLY LIKE A BIRD ??

God’s Will

If god wanted us to fly then he would have created us that way.

Human can’t fly like a bird because…..

Structure of a bird’s muscles are different compare to human. Human’s muscles are too weak to flap the large surfaces needed to obtain flight.

Bird’s bones are hollow and light compare to human. Human’s bones are far too heavy to make them rise in the air.

Physiological capabilities of birds can never be matched by human beings. Human heart beat rate must have to go up to 800 heart beats per minute in order to be able to achieve flight.

Second Attempts at Flight

By 17th Century, ancient ideas inspired scientific theories and experiments.

Characteristics of the atmosphere and the discovery of gasses and properties led to lighter-than-air (balloon) experiments

The first successful human flight1783: Montgolfier Brothers

Inventors of the first practical balloon

1782: discovered that heated air in a paper or fabric bag made the bag rise

1783: “flew” a sheep, a duck, and a rooster for 8 minutes

November 1783: first human flight.

However, balloon lack of directional control

Critical Thinking

HOW HOT AIR BALLOON RISE INTO THE SKY??

Glider Flight

1800- 1896: Men try to invent GLIDER…

Glider: A light aircraft designed to fly without using an engine.

George Cayley’s First Successful Airplane (1804)

Had body, tail and wing Understood that lift results from pressure difference

across wing surfaces Had the idea to warp wings for roll control Proposed an engine for thrust - none available at

that time

Otto Lilienthal, First Successful Pilot a Glider (1890s)

Accomplished over 2500 successful glider flights Control depended upon movements of his body.

To reduce these requirements he devised a movable elevator.

Died in a glider accident in 1896

The Powered Flight1843: William S. Henson, 1st plane with an engine Grew up in the age of steam. They had

witnessed the use of steam in powering trains.

He designed his own steam engine for airplane.

After one unsuccessful try the inventor gave up.

1896: Samuel P. Langley, First Successful Airplane Samuel P. Langley of the United States flew a

steam powered model plane. First Successful Airplane Flight in 1896 Unfortunately, launching gear failure caused his

plane to crash