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JOINTS

� Joint (Articulation)

� Connection between 2+ bones

INTRODUCTION

� Joint (Articulation)

� Classification

� Functional

� Degree of motion

� Structural

� Tissue present

� Presence or absence of a capsule

INTRODUCTION

� Structural

� Fibrous

� Cartilaginous

� Synovial

� Functional:

� Synarthroses

� Immovable joints

� Amphiarthroses

� Slightly movable

� Diarthroses

� Freely movable

JOINT CLASSIFICATION

� Dense connective tissue which eventually ossifies

�Functional classification

� Synarthroses

�Structural classification

� Fibrous joints

�Features

� No joint cavity

� Examples

SUTURES

Figure 8.1a

Dense

fibrous

connective

tissue

Suture

line

(a) Suture

Joint held together with very short,

interconnecting fibers, and bone edges

interlock. Found only in the skull.

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� Strong joints with limited motion

� Functional classification

� Amphiarthroses

� Features

� No joint cavity

� Examples

� Epiphyseal plates

� Pubic symphysis

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

Figure 8.2b

Fibrocartilaginous

intervertebral

disc

Pubic symphysis

Body of vertebra

Hyaline cartilage

(b) Symphyses

Bones united by fibrocartilage

Amphiarthrotic Cartilaginous Joints

Designed for strength and flexibility

� Functional classification

� Diarthroses

� Characteristics

1. Fluid filled joint cavity

2. Articular capsule = 2 layers

3. Synovial fluid

4. Articular cartilage

5. Reinforcing ligaments

6. Nerves and blood vessels

� Examples?

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Figure 8.3

Periosteum

Ligament

Fibrous

capsule

Synovial

membrane

Joint cavity

(containssynovial fluid)

Articular (hyaline)

cartilage

Articular

capsule

Synovial Joint

Figure 8.8a

(a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint

Femur

Tendon ofquadricepsfemoris

SuprapatellarbursaPatellaSubcutaneousprepatellar bursaSynovial cavity

Lateral meniscus

Posteriorcruciateligament

Infrapatellarfat pad Deep infrapatellarbursaPatellar ligament

Articularcapsule

Lateralmeniscus

Anteriorcruciateligament

Tibia

Figure 8.8b

(b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing

the menisci and cruciate ligaments

Medial

meniscus

Articular

cartilageon medial

tibial

condyle

Anterior

Anterior

cruciateligament

Articular

cartilage onlateral tibial

condyle

Lateral

meniscus

Posterior

cruciateligament

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Figure 8.8c

Quadriceps

femoris muscles

Tendon of

quadricepsfemoris muscle

Patella

Lateral patellar

retinaculum

Medial patellar

retinaculum

Tibial collateral

ligament

Tibia

Fibular

collateralligament

Fibula

(c) Anterior view of right knee

Patellar ligament

Figure 8.9

Lateral Medial

Patella(outline)

Tibial collateral

ligament

(torn)

Medial

meniscus (torn)

Anterior

cruciate

ligament (torn)

Hockey puck

� Bursae

� Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes

� Contain synovial fluid

� Commonly act as “ball bearings”

where ligaments, muscles, skin,

tendons, or bones rub together

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Figure 8.4a

Acromionof scapula

Joint cavitycontainingsynovial fluid

Synovialmembrane

Fibrouscapsule

Humerus

Hyalinecartilage

Coracoacromialligament

Subacromialbursa

Fibrousarticular capsule

Tendonsheath

Tendon oflong headof bicepsbrachii muscle

(a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint

Figure 8.4b

Coracoacromialligament

Subacromialbursa

Cavity inbursa containingsynovial fluid

Bursa rollsand lessensfriction.

Humerus headrolls medially asarm abducts.

(b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursaeliminates friction where a ligament (or otherstructure) would rub against a bone

Humerusresting

Humerusmoving

Figure 8.10c

Acromion

Coracoacromialligament

Subacromialbursa

Coracohumeralligament

Greatertubercleof humerus

Transversehumeralligament

Tendon sheath

Tendon of longhead of bicepsbrachii muscle

Articularcapsulereinforced byglenohumeralligaments

Subscapularbursa

Tendon of thesubscapularismuscle

Scapula

Coracoidprocess

(c) Anterior view of right shoulder joint capsule

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Figure 8.10d

Acromion

Coracoid process

Articular capsule

Glenoid cavity

Glenoid labrum

Tendon of long head

of biceps brachii muscle

Glenohumeral ligaments

Tendon of the

subscapularis muscle

Scapula

Posterior Anterior

(d) Lateral view of socket of right shoulder joint,

humerus removed

Figure 8.12a

Articular cartilage

Coxal (hip) bone

Ligament of

the head of the femur

(ligamentum

teres)

Synovial cavity

Articular capsule

Acetabular

labrum

Femur

(a) Frontal section through the right hip joint

1. Plane joint 2. Hinge joint

3. Ball and socket joint 4. Pivot joint

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5. Saddle joint

thumb joint is only example

� One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar

surface

� Examples:

� Intercarpal joints

� Intertarsal joints

� Between articular processes of vertebrae

GLIDING MOVEMENTS

Figure 8.5a

Gliding

(a) Gliding movements at the wrist

� Movements that occur along the sagittal plane

� Flexion

� Decreases the angle of the joint

� Extension

� Increases the angle of the joint

� Hyperextension

� Excessive extension beyond normal range of motion

ANGULAR MOVEMENTS

Figure 8.5b

(b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and

hyperextension of the neck

Hyperextension Extension

Flexion

� Abduction

� Adduction

� Rotation

� Circumduction

� Supination

� Pronation

� Eversion

� Inversion

OTHER MOVEMENTS

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� Abduction

OTHER MOVEMENTS

� Adduction� Rotation

OTHER MOVEMENTS

� Circumduction

� Supination

OTHER MOVEMENTS

� Pronation � Eversion

� Inversion

OTHER MOVEMENTS

� Inversion

1. Configuration and shape of bones

2. Tautness or laxity

3. Position and action of muscles

4. Genetic inheritances

5. Disease

6. Physical activity

LIMITATIONS TO MOVEMENT

�Arthritis

� Inflammation or degeneration of joints

�100+ different types

� Three chronic forms commonly seen

JOINT DISORDERS

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Rheumatoid Arthritis

Osteoarthritis

Psoriatic arthritis

�Gout

�Bursitis

JOINT DISORDERS

�Sprains

�Dislocation

JOINT DISORDERS

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�Tendonitis

JOINT DISORDERS