ENGLISH LANGUAGE1: ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1

(ENGLESKI JEZIK 1: Gramatika engleskog jezika 1)

LESSON #5

2014-11-13

(TENTATIVE) COURSE SCHEDULE

12 WEEKS:

1 INTRODUCTION (this class)

2, 3, 4, 5 BASIC CONCEPTS IN GRAMMAR

6 MIDTERM EXAM #1

7, 8, 9 VERBS AND THE VERB PHRASE

MIDTERM EXAM #2

12, 13 & 14 NOUNS AND THE NOUN PHRASE

MIDTERM EXAM #1

NOVEMBER 14, 2014

DATE: THIS FRIDAY: November 14, 2014

TIME: 19:00-20:00

PLACE: AUDITORIUM (amfiteatar)

MIDTERM TEST #1:WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE, WHAT YOU SHOULD EXPECT

THE FINAL GRADE IN Gramatika engleskog jezika 1 INCLUDES:

ATTENDANCE: 10% ATTENDANCE PROPER: 5%

PARTICIPATION: 5%

MIDTERM EXAM #1 10%

MIDTERM EXAM #2 20%

WRITTEN EXAM 60%

TOTAL 100%

MIDTERM TEST #1

Covers the basic concepts in grammar: i.e. Chapter 1 in you workbook/textbook

The test lasts 60 minutes (NOT 90 minutes)

No negative points, no point quota for individual tasks: i.e. every point counts

Not obligatory, but warmly recommended contributes to your final grade with MODEST but significant 10%

MIDTERM TEST #1

2 pages

9 tasks/exercises

Exercises (page 1): 1: Underline the subject, operator and predication in the following

sentences and then apply the negative and interrogative transformation. 4 sentences

2: Underline and label the sentence elements and put the optional sentence elements in brackets. 9 sentences

3: Identify and circle the optional sentence elements if any, and determine their syntactic functions 5 sentences

4: Determine the category of the verbs in 7 sentences.

MIDTERM TEST #1

Exercises (page 2): 5: Identify the word class (Noun, Verb, AUXiliary, ADJective, ADVerb,

PRONoun, PREPosition, CONJuction, DETerminer) of the underlineditems in the following. 11 sentences i.e. 11 words

6.1: Identify the type of phrase and circle its head. 5 phrases in isolation

6.2: Find all the phrases, circle their heads and identify their types. 2 simple declarative sentences

7: Label the sentences according to assertion. If non-assertive, identify the non-assertive item. 5 sentences

8: Label the underlined items as stative or dynamic. 5 sentences i.e. 5 words

9: Use the appropriate pro-forms. 5 sentences

Underline and label the sentence elements and put the optional sentence elements in brackets

a) Once the PC was introduced, computers became very cheap.

b) She decided to do it although her parents opposed her decision.

c) Belgrade has a number of bridges.

d) Many experts whom I met deem the results unsatisfactory.

e) The bank offered them a refinancing loan.

f) He must have arrived an hour ago.

g) The salesperson put the new shoes in the shop window.

h) He painted the whole whiteboard green.

i) This soup tastes too salty.

Identify the word class (Noun, Verb, AUXiliary, ADJective, ADVerb, PRONoun, PREPosition, CONJuction, DETerminer) of the underlined items in the following:

a) Would you like to stay the night? _________

b) Who is this documentary about? _________

c) I know what this page is about. _________

d) The match was cancelled because of the power outage. _________

e) What were you doing there? _________

f) What color are you using? _________

g) Good morning! Time to get up! _________

h) Their companys shares have been on an up recently. _________

i) The fireman rushed up the ladders. _________

j) Their greeting was in very friendly. _________

k) He keeps blogging about environmental issues. _________

WHAT DID WE DO LAST WEEK?

VERB PHRASEAnd everything about it

VERBAL CATEGORIES

VERBAL CATEGORIES

MOOD

VOICE

TENSEASPECT

MODALITY

THESE ARE THE "MEANINGS" EXPRESSED BY THE VP

HOWEVER, IN ORDER TO EXPRESS THESE MEANING WE HAVE TO FIRST BUILD A VP

VP = a phrase headed by a verb

When we say verb, what we actually mean is a lexical verb, i.e. a verb with full meaning (e.g. catch, buy, sell, etc.), and not a verb such as must, be (as in am running), etc.

Verbs such as must, be (as in am running), etc. are said to have no meaning: instead they have grammatical function

In other words, verbs in English can be classified into: LEXICAL/FULL VERBS catch, vanish, burn, publish AUXILIARY VERBS be, have, do, can, may, must

AUXILIARY VERBS They CANNOT function as HEADS of VPs:

They must have been tortured in Guantanamo Bay. They are musting something.HOWEVER: Her children are being naughty.

They DO NOT HAVE 3rd person s, inflected forms, nonfinite forms and tense distinctions: He must have been tortured in Guantanamo Bay. He musts have been tortured something. I want you to must be there.HOWEVER: Her children are being naughty. To be or not to be that is the question. I think, therefore I am.

AUXILIARY VERBS

Obviously, verbs such as BE, do not behave syntactically in the same way as MUST, although they are all classified as AUXILIARIES :

This means that there are at least TWO subtypes of AUXILIARIES: PRIMARY AUXILIARIES be, have, do MODAL AUXILIARIES can, may, shall, will, could,

might, should, would, must, ought to, used to MARGINAL MODAL AUXILIARIES dare, need

What is really the difference between the two groups?

AUXILIARY VERBS

PRIMARY AUXILIARIES can function as both MAIN and AUXILIARY verbs:

I am a student. VS. I am reading a book.

I have two brothers. VS. I have been hearingvoices in my head.

I do break dancing in my spare time. VS. I did not hear you.

AUXILIARY VERBS

MODAL AUXILIARIES DO NOT HAVE 3rd person s, inflected forms, nonfinite forms and tense distinctions and CANNOT FUNCTION AS HEADS OF VPs, i.e. they CANNOT function as MAIN VERBS: He musts have been tortured something.

I want you to must be there.

They are musting something. MARGINAL MODAL AUXILIARIES dare, need

They can function as modal verbs, but also as main verbs: I dare not do it. VS. I dont dare to do it.

I need not do it. VS. I dont need to do it.

AUXILIARY VERBS

In addition to MODAL AUXILIARIES, there are also other verbs/verbal expressions that have MODAL MEANING: He is to testify before the Senate Commission tomorrow.

I am going to see her there.

These verbs/verbal expressions are classified into: MODAL IDIOMS: be to, used to, would rather, had better

SEMI-AUXILIARIES/VERB IDIOMS: be going to, be about to, be able to

VERBAL PARADIGM

A PARADIGM is a set of grammatically/morphologically conditioned WORD FORMS which are all derived from theSAME STEM/ROOT,

e.g. love, loves, loved, loved, loving

VERBAL PARADIGM

English verbal paradigm is relatively poor (e.g. in comparison with Serbian or, even better, Latin), because it has only 5 (five) forms: BASE FORM (sing)

3rd PERSON PRESENT-TENSE FORM (sings)

PRESENT PARTICIPLE, also called ing participle (singing)

PAST TENSE FORM, also called ED1 (sang)

PAST PARTICIPLE FORM, also called ED2 or EN (sung)

BASE FORM

BASE FORM is used to form: INFINITIVE (sing to sing)

PRESENT TENSE all persons except 3rd person singular (sing I/you/we/they sing a tune.)

IMPERATIVE (sing Sing a tune.)

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE (sing I recommend that he sing in a choir)

FORMATION: The infinitive in English is the naked root form of the word.

3pspt FORM

3PSPT FORM is used to form: 3rd person present-tense form (sing He sings a

song.)

FORMATION: the suffix -s is added to the stem of the infinitive form, e.g. RUN + -S = RUNS If the base ends in a sibilant sound like /s/, /z/, //, /t

/ that is not preceded by a silent E, the suffix is written as -es: buzz > buzzes; catch > catches

If the base ends in a consonant plus y, the y changes to i when es is added: cry > cries

Verbs ending in -o typically add -es: veto > vetoes

PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM

PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM is used to form:

PROGRESSIVE ASPECT (sing I have been singingfor a long time.)

ADJECTIVES (sing a singing bush)

NON-FINITE CLAUSE

RELATIVE (sing A man singing a song entered the room.)

ADVERBIAL (sing Singing a song, a man entered the room.)

PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM cont.

FORMATION: the suffix -ing is added to the stem of the infinitive form, e.g. GO+ -ING = GOING

If the base ends in silent E, it is dropped before adding the suffix: believe > believing

If the final E is not silent, it is retained: agree > agreeing

PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM cont. FORMATION:

If the base form ends in a single consonant; AND

a single vowel precedes that consonant; AND

the last syllable of the base form is stressed

the final consonant is doubled before adding the suffix -ing: set > setting; occur > occurring.

In British English, as an exception, the final -l is subject to the doubling rule: yodel > yodelling(American English yodeling).

If the final consonant of a word subject to the doubling rule is -c, that consonant is doubled as -ck: panic > panicking

PRESENT PARTICIPLE FORM cont.

Irregular forms include: singeing, where the e is not dropped to avoid

confusion with singing;

ageing, in British English, where the expected form aging is ambiguous as to whether it has a hard or soft 'G';

a number of words that are subject to the doubling rule even though they do not fall squarely within its terms, such as: diagramming, kidnapping, programming, and worshipping.

PAST TENSE FORM (ed1) PAST TENSE FORM is used to form:

PAST TENSE all persons (sing I/you/he/she/it/we/they sang a tune.)

FORMATION: the suffix ed is added to the stem of the infinitive form, e.g. WORK+ -ED = WORKED If the base ends in e, -d (not ed) is added to it: hone >

honed; dye > dyed

If the base ends in a consonant plus y, the y changes to ibefore the -ed is added; e.g. deny > denied

If the base ends in a vowel plus y, the y is retained, e.g. alloy > alloyed

doubling the final consonant = the same rule(s) as the rule(s) for doubling in the present participle

PAST PARTICIPLE FORM (ed2)

PAST PARTICIPLE TENSE FORM is used to form:

PERFECTIVE ASPECT (sing I have just sung a song.)

ADJECTIVES (sing a sung melody)

NON-FINITE CLAUSE

RELATIVE (sing A melody sung with passion could be heard coming from the neighbouring apartment.)

ADVERBIAL (sing Sung with passion, this melody could be a real hit.)

FORMATION: the same rules as for the ed1 form

FORMATION irregular vs. regular

The rules given here for formation of ED1 and ED2 forms only apply to regular verbs, of course.

Forms of the irregular verbs basically have to be LEARNED BY HEART i.e. MEMORIZED.

Ironically, the forms which we nowadays call IRREGULAR were completely regular in the early stages of the development of the English language (450-1066 A.D.)

CLASSIFICATION OF VPs

Different ways to classify VPs according to some features

CLASSIFICATION OF VPs

VPs can be classified on the basis of THREE CRITERIA:

STRUCTURE OF THE VP

COMPLEXITIY OF THE VERB FORM IN THE VP

FINITENESS (whether or not the VP can express all verbal categories and whether or not VP can express the agreement/concord in person and number with the subject)

VPs STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION Depending on how we analyze their structure,

VPs can be classified into:

EXTENDED VPs = the verb form AND ALL its complements and modifiers, e.g.

John bought Mary a beautiful present.

RESTRICTED VPs = ONLY THE VERB FORM, e.g.

John bought Mary a beautiful present.

VPs COMPLEXITY CLASSIFICATION On the basis of the complexity of the internal

structure of VPs, they can be classified into: SIMPLE VPs = VPs which only consist of ONE (MAIN)

VERB AND NO AUXILIARIES, e.g. John bought Mary a beautiful present. He is happy. John vanished.

COMPLEX VPs = VPs which only consist of ONE (MAIN) VERB AND AT LEAST ONE AUXILIARY, e.g. John has just bought Mary a beautiful present. He must have been planning this raid for quite some time. She was given a beautiful present.

VPs COMPLEXITY CLASSIFICATION

WHAT ABOUT e.g. Do you like chocolate? and She didnt see him.: COMPLEX OR SIMPLE? If I am asking, probably SIMPLE. YES! VPs such as these are SIMPLE. WHY? We are looking at the POSITIVE & DECLARATIVE (i.e.

ASSERTIVE) sentences: You like chocolate. She saw him.

IN OTHER WORDS, DO-SUPPORT DOESNT COUNT WHEN WE ANALYZE THE COMPLEXITY OF VPs

VPs FINITENESS CLASSIFICATION

FINITENESS n. of or relating to any of the forms of a verb that can occur on their own in a main clause and that can formally express distinctions in person, number, tense, mood, and voice, often by means of conjugation (Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary)

IN OTHER WORDS, THIS CLASSIFICATION IS BASED ON TWO CRITERIA: whether the VP can express ALL VERBAL CATEGORIES or

just some of them

whether the VP can express THE AGREEMENT/CONCORD IN PERSON AND NUMBER WITH THE SUBJECT

VPs FINITENESS CLASSIFICATION

If we take FINITENESS as the criterion for classification of VPs, we can distinguish two types of VPs:

FINITE, e.g. John likes Mary. He must have seen it.

NON-FINITE, e.g. John wanted to like Mary. Having seen it, he ran away.

FINITE vs. NON-FINITEI want [to do it].

want = present tense, to do = NO TENSE, refers to future, S=I

She wanted [to do it].

want = past tense, to do = NO TENSE, refers to past, S=she

He has promised [to do it].

has promised = present perfect, to do = NO TENSE, refers to future, S=he

[Having been bitten by a poodle], he ran away when he saw a Chihuahua.

ran away= past simple tense, h. b. bitten = NO TENSE, refers to distant past, S=he

[Having been bitten by a poodle], she will run away if she sees a Chihuahua.

will run away= future simple, h. b. bitten = NO TENSE, refers to general past, S=she

[Having been bitten by a poodle], she may develop a phobia.

may develop = modal present, h. b. bitten = NO TENSE, refers to general past, S=she

Then, you will enter the yard. A poodle will be waiting for you there. It will bite your character. [Having been bitten by the poodle], your character will lose +50 health. Dont worry

may develop = future simple, h. b. bitten = NO TENSE, refers to near future, S=she

FINITE VPs FINITE VPs:

CAN EXPRESS ALL VERBAL CATEGORIES (TENSE, ASPECT, MOOD, VOICE, MODALITY)

THEY ALWAYS EXPRESS AGREEMENT/CONCORD WITH THE SUBJECT (i.e. there is a subject in the clause) E.g. He likes chocolate cookies. He is running. He has done

that many times since he joined the company. He might have been delayed in the traffic.

What about Please dont go! or Go away!?

There is no subject in the clause, so they seem to be NON-FINITE.

They are actually FINITE.

Imperative constructions are FINITE, although they have no subject - the subject is said to be IMPLIED.

NON-FINITE VPs

NON-FINITE VPs:

CANNOT EXPRESS ALL VERBAL CATEGORIES: THEY CAN ONLY EXPRESS ASPECT AND VOICE

THEY DO NOT EXPRESS AGREEMENT/CONCORD WITH THE SUBJECT (usually there is NO subject in the clause containing a non-finite VP)

E.g. To play with hand grenades is a bad idea. (no subject)

He was found sitting in his chair. (no subject)

Having done that many times since he joined the company, he decided to help them. (no subject)

He entered the arena, followed closely by his bodyguards. (no subject)

For him to do such a thing is truly unbelievable. (overt subject )

THE END